Overview
This lecture covers the functions of different parts of the prefrontal cortex, historical case studies, and the history and impact of frontal lobotomies.
Prefrontal Cortex Functions
- The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in working memory, motor planning, organization, and intellectual function.
- The ventromedial prefrontal cortex contributes to executive functions, planning, foresight, personality, and some aspects of intelligence.
Case Studies and Historical Context
- Phineas Gage survived a severe brain injury that destroyed his ventromedial prefrontal cortex, leading to drastic personality changes.
- Gage’s case showed that brain damage can profoundly affect behavior, responsibility, and social interactions.
Frontal Lobotomies
- Dr. Walter Freeman popularized frontal lobotomies from the 1930s to 1960s to treat severe mental illnesses before medications like thorazine were available.
- The procedure involved applying local anesthesia, then inserting an ice-pick device through the orbital frontal region to sever connections.
- Frontal lobotomies were performed on patients with suicidal behaviors, hallucinations, and severe headaches.
- Dr. Freeman performed over 200 lobotomies in West Virginia, sometimes up to 25 in one day.
- Frontal lobotomies are rarely performed today due to advances in psychiatric medications and understanding of brain function.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex — brain area regulating working memory, planning, and organizational skills.
- Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex — brain region involved in personality, planning, and social behavior.
- Frontal Lobotomy — surgical procedure severing frontal lobe connections to treat mental illness.
- Phineas Gage — famous case study illustrating the effects of prefrontal cortex damage on personality.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review case study details on Phineas Gage for deeper understanding.
- Read about the history and controversy of frontal lobotomies.
- Study prefrontal cortex function and its role in behavior and decision-making.