[Music] prefrontal cortexes in one minute or less dorsolateral preformal cortex involved with working memory motor planning organization intellectual function and then we have the ventral medial prefrontal cortexes involved also in executive functions and planning foresight personality some elements of intelligence thought to be here and again this is where phineas gage comes in he had the tampening rod shoot up through his eyes miraculously survived he used to be a person who was very hard working responsible clever very respectable individual and after the accident taking out ventral medial prefrontal cortex he became tactless impulsive loses money lost his relationships not bad with relationships to totally change the personality so again we learned something about human behavior through case studies like these and perhaps even more extreme here we have dr walter friedman who back in 1930s to mid 60s you'd go around to various hospitals and perform frontal lobotomies this is before drugs like thorazine were around and it's thought to cure problems such as suicidal behaviors hallucinations severe headaches and incurably mentally ill people uh that what he would do is go and take in the upper left a low electro shock device for some local anesthesia around your orbit then he would take this little ice pick device here put it up in the orbital frontal region and here is uh one of his patients doctor howard doley and showing an image of the frontal lobotomy done here and this is a link to an npr study with this guy telling his life now that he survived a frontal lobotomy uh with dr friedman here anyway here in our west state of west virginia he did about 200 plus cases and did as many as 25 lobotomies in one day for so for those burgeoning neurosurgeons out there that's that's a lot of surgeries in one day but we don't do frontal bodies much anymore so hey everyone ryan rad here from neurosurgerytraining.org if you like that video subscribe and donate to keep our content available for medical students across the world