welcome back to the channel where medical topics are made easy the goal of this video is to walk you through the different gallbladder and billiard diseases and to help you better understand and visualize them i know it can be tough to remember the different terms and what the diseases are especially when the names are similar so i'm going to help you with that i'm going to show you some easy tricks and visuals and by the end of the video you'll have a clear understanding of all the different diseases shown so let's get right into it you can find the pdf notes and study guides for this video linked down below the first thing we're going to do to help us remember the different terms is to split them into two groups based on the ending of the word one of the tricks to remembering the different diseases is to simply break down the word two of the words end in lithiasis and the other two words end in itis we know from our medical terminology videos that lithiasis refers to the presence or formation of stones so for lithius i want you to simply remember stone luthiasis equals stone say that over and over in your head until it sticks we also know from our medical terminology videos that itis means inflammation so for itis i want you to simply remember inflammation again say itis equals inflammation over and over until it sticks i'll link the medical terminology videos in the description if you want to check those out so now we know the terms cholethiasis and choledocolithiasis will have to do with stones and the terms cholecystitis and cholangitis will have to do with inflammation next we have to figure out where the stones are and where the inflammation is taking place for that let's look at each term starting with cholethiasis so what is cholethiasis well we already know lithiasis refers to stone but what does coley mean coley refers to gall or bile so if we put the word together we have gallstones and that's exactly what cholethiasis is it's the presence or formation of gallstones usually located in the gallbladder we're going to see these terms again so write them down if you're taking notes let's look at an image now to help you visualize what's going on so it sticks in your memory we can see we have the liver gallbladder and pancreas the right and left hepatic ducts exit the liver and join to form the common hepatic duct the gallbladder connects to the common hepatic duct through the cystic duct and together the cystic duct and common hepatic duct form the common bile duct as we mentioned before cholethiasis is the medical term for gallstones gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the biliary tract usually in the gallbladder as shown in the image many people live with gallstones and they don't even know they have them gall stones don't necessarily cause symptoms but problems can occur when the gallstones start to move around or get stuck which we're going to see coming up ultrasound can be used to diagnose gallstones and the treatment will depend on the presentation but it might include conservative management or gallbladder removal so to recap we have choli which means gall or bile and lithiasis which means stone so choli lithiasis means gall stones more specifically it means the presence or formation of gallstones in the biliary system usually in the gallbladder next we have cholecystitis we already know itis means inflammation but where is this inflammation taking place we can break down the rest of the word to find out we already know choli means gall or bile so the last part of the word is cyst which means bladder so if we put cole and cysts together then we have gall bladder and if we put the entire word together then we have inflammation of the gallbladder and that's exactly what cholecystitis is it's inflammation of the gallbladder usually caused by gallstones obstructing the cystic duct let's go back to our diagram and visualize this we can see we have our yellow gallstones in the gallbladder again as we mentioned before gallstones don't always cause problems but they can if they start to move occasionally a gallstone can move into the cystic duct and this can cause right upper quadrant abdominal pain this is known as biliary colic which is abdominal pain that occurs when a gallstone either obstructs or tries to move through the biliary ducts in this case the cystic duct this pain is relieved if the gallstone moves back into the gallbladder this is why biliary colic can be intermittent or in other words the pain comes and goes it just depends on what the stone is doing where it's at and how it's traveling sometimes the gallstone moves into the cystic duct and it stays there this blocks the gallbladder outflow tract and the content in the gallbladder is stuck it's unable to flow out of the gallbladder and through the cystic duct this will eventually cause inflammation to everything behind the obstruction infection can also develop because the stagnant content in the gallbladder that's just sitting there becomes a breeding ground for bacteria this obstruction can cause cholecystitis which is inflammation of the gallbladder symptoms may include right upper quadrant abdominal pain fever and nausea or vomiting cholecystitis can be diagnosed with ultrasound as well and treatment usually includes antibiotics and gallbladder removal called cholecystectomy so to recap we have choli which means gall or bile and we have cyst which means bladder if we put it together then cholecyst means gallbladder and itis refers to inflammation so cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder let's move on to colidocolithiasis and as always let's break down the word first we already know lithius means stone but where is the stone located we can use kolidoko to find out koludoko refers to the common bile duct so if we put it together then colidocolithiasis is the presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct you know the drill let's go back to our diagram and visualize this and again the medical terminology videos will be linked in the description if you want a quick review of these medical terms so we can see we have our gallstones in the gallbladder again we already talked about how sometimes gallstones can move into the cystic duct well sometimes gallstones can form or move even further down the tract into the common bile duct this is known as choledocolithiasis which is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct remember we said gall stones can cause pain when they obstruct or move through the bile ducts this is why choledocolothiasis can cause abdominal pain as well usually in the right upper quadrant or epigastric region it can also cause jaundice along with nausea and vomiting why do we see jaundice or yellowing of the skin with colidocolithiasis but not the other diseases we talked about so far we'll look at where the stone is the gallstone is in the common bile duct and it's not only potentially obstructing the outflow of the gallbladder but it's also affecting the outflow of the liver which can lead to jaundice while ultrasound can show signs of choledocolothiasis an ercp or mrcp is sometimes necessary to diagnose it treatment usually includes removing the stone and gallbladder along with antibiotics if there's concern for infection which we'll talk about next so to recap colidoco refers to the common bile duct and lithiasis refers to stone so colidocolithiasis is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct the final disease is cholingitis let's break down the word again we know itis means inflammation we also know choli means bile or gall angio refers to a vessel or duct so together calangio refers to bile duct if we put the entire word together then we have cholangitis which means inflammation of the bile ducts usually caused by a gallstone obstructing the common bile duct let's go back to our diagram and visualize it we have our gallstones in the gallbladder again we know that sometimes gallstones can form or move into the common bile duct this is known as choledocolothiasis as we just talked about but if the gallstone obstructs the common bile ducts long enough then this can cause inflammation to everything behind it this includes the gallbladder liver and bile ducts this is known as cholangitis which is inflammation of the bile ducts usually caused by a gallstone obstructing the common bile duct we know from our talk on cholecystitis that an obstructed stone will block content from passing through this can lead to inflammation as well as infection from all that content that's unable to pass by the stone as a result symptoms may include fever abdominal pain jaundice altered mental status and nausea vomiting diagnosis will be similar to choledocolothiasis with an ultrasound ercp or mrcp there are other imaging modalities like ct that can diagnose everything we've talked about so far but the other options tend to be first line blood work is typically ordered as well you can find that information in the future videos where we'll talk about each of the diseases in more detail treatment usually includes stone and gallbladder removal along with antibiotics so to recap coli means bile or gall and angio means duct or vessel so calangia refers to bile duct itis means inflammation so cholangitis is inflammation of the bile ducts hopefully this helped clarify the different types of gallbladder and biliary diseases if you found the video useful please share with others and hit that like button and leave a comment you can find the pdf notes and study guides for the video linked down below make sure to subscribe so you don't miss out on future videos notes and study guides thanks for watching and hope you check out future videos