Movements of Synovial Joints

Introduction

• Muscle Connections: Muscles connect to bone or connective tissue at two main points:
  • Origin: Bone with minimal movement
  • Insertion: Bone with greater movement

Types of Ranges of Motion

1. Nonaxial
   • No movement in X, Y, or Z planes
   • Slipping movements
2. Uniaxial
   • Movement in one plane
3. Biaxial
   • Movement in two planes
4. Multiaxial
   • Movement in all three planes

Types of Movements

• Gliding: Bones slide against each other without changing angles
• Angular Movements:
  • Flexion: Decreasing the angle between bones
  • Extension: Increasing the angle between bones
  • Hyperextension: Extension beyond the normal range
• Rotation: Bone moves along its long axis

Types of Joints

1. Plane Joint
   • Found between intercarpal and intertarsal joints
   • Nonaxial movement
2. Hinge Joint
   • Found at the elbow and between phalanges
   • Uniaxial movement
3. Pivot Joint
   • Found at the articulation between radius and ulna
   • Uniaxial movement
4. Condylar Joint
   • Allows biaxial movement
   • Found in wrist and knuckle joints
5. Saddle Joint
   • Allows biaxial movement
   • Movements along medial-lateral and anterior-posterior axes
6. Ball and Socket Joint
   • Found in shoulder and hip joints
   • Allows multiaxial movement

Specific Movements

• Gliding Movements: Occur in wrist joints
• Angular Movements:
  • In the Sagittal Plane:
    • Flexion (e.g., arm moving closer to body)
    • Extension (e.g., arm moving away from body)
    • Hyperextension (beyond anatomical position)
  • In the Frontal Plane:
    • Abduction: Movement away from midline
    • Adduction: Movement towards midline
    • Circumduction: Combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
• Rotation: Lateral and medial rotations

Special Movements

• Supination and Pronation: Movement of the hands
• Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion: Movement of the foot upwards and downwards
• Inversion and Eversion: Rotating the foot so the soles face medially or laterally
• Protraction and Retraction: Movement of the jaw
• Elevation and Depression: Movement of the mandible
• Opposition: Thumb touching other fingers, crucial for tool manipulation

Conclusion

This lecture covered various movements allowed by synovial joints, types of joints, and specific movements critical for understanding human anatomy and physiology.