in this video we're going to examine the various movements that are allowed by sinovial joints so keep in mind that muscles when they are attached to Bone or connective tissue they make no fewer than two connections now the two main connections we call the insertion and origin for the muscle the origin represents the bone that is generally not that movable so we'll have minimal movement and the insertion this is the bone that shows much more movement so we have a few slides here with the various uh joints again feel free to examine them study them for specific examples but I want to jump to this particular slide where we examine the range of motion that sinovial joints are capable of so in the previous video we labeled several different types of joint uh joint varieties uh that depicted specific ranges of motion so our first type of range of motion is a nonaxial range of motion that that is we're not moving in the X Y or Z plane these tend to be slipping movements so the bones are moving against each other there is no change in angle uh moving the various Bones the second type are uniaxial movements so this is movement in one particular plane by axial movement in two planes and then lastly multiaxial where you're moving in all three planes so the types of movements we're going to be talking about gliding angular movements and rotation they will involve one or more of these particular joint types so again let's examine some of these joint types so our first joint type here is the plane joint so the plane joint we find between the intercarpal and Inter tossal joints uh excuse me inter tarsal joints um and we also see this between uh vertebra so the bones are moving against the other bones so it's not a particular plane the angles aren't changing so we consider this nonaxial movement our second type of joint the hinge joint we see this at the elbow as well as between the fanges so in the hinge joint we are cap capable of moving in One Direction so if you look at your finger for example your fingers move up or down so that's sort of a uniaxial movement okay same thing between your radius excuse me your humoris and alna you're moving towards or away so one plane so then we get to the pivot joint this is also a uni aial type of movement we see this at the intersection or the articulation between the radius and alna shown here where they kind of rotate around each other so that is an example again of a uniaxial movement then we have the condar joint where you have sort of this oval articular surface this is going to allow by axial movement so you see this in the wrist joints you see this in the various knuckle joints the saddle joint similarly is by aial but you sort of form this little saddle along which uh movement can occur so you can move around the medial lateral Axis or the anterior posterior axis and we'll talk about these specific types of movements like flexion and extension in a movement Mo in a moment excuse me so our last joint the one that has the most range of motion multi-axial movement these are the ball and socket joints so we see the ball and socket joint for example in the shoulder joint as well as in the hip joints where you can move in all three planes so let's dive a little bit deeper looking at the various movements so we're going to start out with gliding so remember we see the gliding movements around the wrist so you have your metacarpal and metatarsal bones those flat bones are sort of articulated but they move against each other they slide against each other the angle doesn't change so if I'm looking at the various bones here this angle they're just moving in amongst themselves so they're not changing angles here all right our second one we are changing angles that's why it's called angular movement so there's a decrease or increase angle between the two bones again discussed earlier we talked about the insertion and origin of muscles on two or more bones so let's examine the sagittal plane so the sagittal plane is if I kind of cut myself in half and I'm looking at the angle so so if I see here's this individual and I'm moving this way so the angle gets decreased this is an example of flexion so it's kind of like if I have my arm outstretched and I move it closer to me this is an example of flexion and when I move it back out right the angle increases that is an example of EXT iion so if I'm in a flexed State and I move to stand upright that action is known as extension now if I continue to move backwards past the normal amount of extension this is referred to as hyperextension so I'm passing the standard anatomical position if we examine the frontal plane so here we have the individual being viewed in a frontal plane if we're examining the movement of the arm if we move the arm away from the midline so keep in mind that when we're talking about the midline here's the midline so if we move away from that midline this is referred to as abduction and if we move back towards the midline this this is known as adduction now if we combine flexion abduction extension and adduction you get what's called circumduction so you're basically rotating uh the arm with these four types of movements So speaking of rotation uh we see rotations at the C1 C2 remember that's the uh Atlas and the axis vertebrae we see rotation of the humorous and femur as well so with rotation we're moving bone along its long axis so here we have for example the femur and we're moving along its axis if we're moving sort of counterclockwise this is referred to as lateral movement or lateral rotation so counterclockwise and if we move medial rotation that's sort of a clockwise rotation so let's examine some special types of movements so the first special type of movement we see with the radius and alna when you have your hands in standard anatomical position and your palms facing up up that is the Supine position supination if you rotate so now your palms are facing posteriorly and the top of your hand is facing frontal that is known as pronation so when you move it back superation pronation for the foot again looking at the angles right if we extend our foot upwards this is known as dorsal flexion if we move the toes downwards so the soles of the feet are pointing down like this this is known as planter flexion continuing on with our foot if the soles of the foot are facing medially this is known as inversion if we rotate the foot so the soles are facing outwards like so this is known as ersion when we look at at the jaw if we move the jaw out that's protraction and if we pull the jaw in that is retraction specifically of the mandible elevation and depression we could also do this with the mandible so if we move our mandible up that's elevation and if we open the mandible downwards that is depression and then lastly we have the special movement associated with our thumb so remember when we talked about our thumb how you had two fanges not three and it was slightly at an angle the movement of the thumb to be able to touch the other fingers this is known as opposition so this allows greater manipulation for tools and was an evolutionary breakthrough in the great apes