follow okay oops okay good morning okay to of you first first of all I would like to thank uh the organizers and the sponsor to make possible this Congress which is so important for the olive oil for the olive oil sector as you already know over the last over the last decades there has been a growing interest in quantifying the the change in organic carbon in farming system in general uh but in goody crops such as Olive uh farming uh in particular and this interest is a rise not only because of the need for the decarbonization of the olive oil sector but also for um for the for to quantify the potential uh of the olive oil sector in a climate change mitigation with the potential to uh compensate for the CO2 which is emitted in other in other uh in other sectors uh for in this sense to do a carbon a carbon balance from a point of view is key it allow allow us uh first to quantify to what extent the olive farming uh contribute to climate to climate chain mitigation and enable secondly enable us to quantify the contribution the role of a specific or combined management practics which are aligned with the European strategy uh in sequestrating um is sequestrating atmospheric um CO2 this is a in my opinion this particular important H it will be important when a h CO2 B Market H uh will be fully established uh they have there have been few attempts to perform a carbon balance in O farming however in many of the attempts uh there has not been Quantified or fully Quantified some of the carbon fluxes and this has generated a range of numbers some then contradictory and in some somehow some some confusing um the main input the main annual input the main annual carbon input in oil Farm is as you already know as you can imagine is through photosynthesis anually a huge amount of CO2 atmospheric CO2 is taken uh by the tree and this is allocated to the ho fruits that at the end it will end uh into the Olive Mills some of the CO2 taking from the ammare will be allocated in the leaf olive leaf that has been generating that year and it will end to one or two or three years later into the soil there is an CO2 that is annually taken from the tree and it will be allocated to what it will be threee pruning the bent year or two years later or 3 years later depending on the th pdon sorry the Tre pruning regime and there will be another CO2 that it is taken annually from the atmosphere and it will be accumulated has organic carbon in the permanent air structure of the tree which will be there during the LIF span of the olive uh Olive Plantation that in the case of the traditional Olive Plantation we are talking about more than as you already know more than 100 years if spontaneous or Seed Co crops are implemented then we are taking an extra of CO2 from the atmophere which is converted as organic carbon in the in the biomass of the cover crops that will be end that year in the soil and there is another let's say external carbon input throughout for instant Manu or composted o Ora Etc I would like to draw your attention that spontaneous the the carbon input uh the annual carbon input due to cover crops Manu composed all mil pom if you apply tree pruning or that one that can after integrating the livestock are carbon input that the farming can manage so this management practice could comply with the additionality criteria that quite likely will be set up by the European commission uh the main carbon output don't consider in the carbon balance is the one you are looking at in the in the in the in the slide uh you are taking out carbon has organic carbon with the Harvest with the olive olive fruit but also with the olive leaf that you are harvesting together with the olive olive uh fruits uh the firewood the uh carbon that has been accumulated has organic carbon in in tree pruning in the case of the tree prunes is burn and the carbon that you are losing uh in the farm due to so erosion if you do not Implement management practic which might avoid this soid erosion and obviously you can have and you will have a lot of CO2 that is out of the farm due to the CO2 emission during the dec composition of the organic carbon which is already in the soil plus a fraction of the organic carbon input that year and the previous years in the soil in the uh we have we have quantify using this framework the um carbon balance in about 54 Olive Farms across the Mediterranean Basin I'm only going to show those Farms that will belong to Spain South Spain and what you can see in the figure are the the annual carbon entry in this 24 24 Olive Farm of Spain the 24 o Farms are arranged in pace so within each pair the first Olive growth belong to an or represent an olive growth in which they have been implemented uh management practical comp compatible to the carbon farming at least during the last 8 to 12 years whereas the second o Farms is comparable because it is near by has got a similar threee age and threee density but in this Farm they have not been implementing any let's say strategy to enhance the annal carbon entry to the soil during the last 10 years so what you can see here that the annual carbon entry into the farm vary a lot from as low as two tons of carbon peria and a maximum of about six ton of carbon Peta and Pia this value are comparable with other uh annual crops such as cereals uh the vast majority of the carbon entry come from the atmospheric CO2 this is what we expect which is converted into organic carbon mainly in the olive fruits olive leaf and what you become tree pruning another idea is that those farms in each pair which allow for spontaneous Co crop increase the carbon entry on aage by 25% in some of the Farms the value was about 60% in other about in other where about 10 10% so on aage 25% I mean you can increase the productivity of O of your Olive Farm by 25% not in terms of fruits but by biomass if you allow for temporary cob crops and another idea is that the amorphic CO2 that accumul Ates annually in the permanent stru a structure of the tree is an important input of carbon that remain in the farm for hundred of years especially in traditional olive olive grow taking a little bit about this see atmospheric CO2 which is accumulated has organic carbon in the permanent air structure of the tree as expected the older is the Olive grow there is a a relativ clear t tendency that the lower is the annual rate of CO2 accumulation in the permanent structure of the tree there is also a clear Trend that the higher the tree density the higher is the amount of CO2 which is moved from the atmosphere and accumulated permanently in theu in the permanent structure of the tree and there is a clear tendency that in irrigated Olive growth this annual uh rate of CO2 ACC in the permanent a structure of the tree is higher the amount of carbon the CO2 atmospheric C2 which is annually accumulating theend struct of the tree is an is an advantage compared to other annual oil producing crops uh it remains relatively constant at the landscape scale if New Plantation replace the old one and another idea that would like to point out that in case that after 150 years you remove all that biomass and you burn it you are preventing the emission of between 50 to 55 tons of CO2 that you will need from the petrol or natural gas to generate the same amount of of of of heat this represent approximately an annual abidance of around 350 kilogram of CO2 per and P um regarding the output the figure you are looking at are the main outputs of carbon out of the farm the main one was the soil C2 emission and this flux has been largely ignored ignored in other carbon balance and if you do not take into account the carbon balance as you can imagine can be uh heavily overestimated um Al also sorry although soil erosion is important in terms of other ecosystem Services it's its contribution its contribution to the carbo balance is relatively low compar to the significant flues from other sources has uh the amount of of of carbon that you are removing from the farm due to the Harvest or the CO2 which is emitted through out the de composition of the soil organic carbon in this 24 o Farms approximately the the carbon you are losing due to soil erosion range between 100 to 300 kilogram of carbon perania which is the equivalent of about one ton of CO2 um when we do the carbon balance at the tree level obviously the carbon balance is positive yes this is M du because the CO2 that is annually taken from the am converted to organic carbon in the permanent structure of the tree in the main trunk main branches in The Roots so no doubt positive what about the soil in those ol Farm ol Farm farms in which they apply let's say management practics compatible with the carbon farming the the soil carbon balance was positive the soil the soil was in organic carbon however in those o Farm in which they do not apply this let's say sustainable management practic the soil carbon balance was negative that farm were losing organic carbon however the gain in carbon in the permanent structure of the tree compensate those car that carbon which is loing from the soil so at the farm scale at the farm scale the these o Farms were gaining a carbon and in some cases they wear more organic carbon in the biomass of the tree that in the soil I mean in the top 30 cm of the soil when considering that in the first group of Olive Farms the soil is gaining carbon whereas in the second second group of farm the soil is losing carbon this F explain why the amount of soil or the stock of soil organic carbon in the first group of farm were about 10 TS approximately compare with the olive Orchard in the second group of olive olive farm this indicates that there is a potential to there the potential for the additionality criteria in the project in the CO2 project credits uh this also happens in other Olive Orchard the very same train also happen in other in other Olive Orchard across the mediterran vasin this is the case I believe for for Greek as you can see in the gray gray colum most of the Farms at the orchard level gain organic carbon this is the case for Italy this is for this is the case for some farms in in Morocco this is in Portugal and this this was in in in Spain so the clear message on a on aage the at the orchard level the orchard is gaining organic carbon although there are few exceptions in many cases the orchard is gaining carbon not because of the soil is increasing the stock of soil organic carbon but because of the tree okay but if it's true that the at the at the level of the orcher the or the organic the carbon balance is positive is possible is positive the second question is to what extent this gain in organic carbon compensate for the CO2 emission due to the farm operations farming operation I I I believe sorry uh what I have just to mention it will come in one minute later I would like to point out in my carbon balance that if you have uh if you see this figure the higher is the amount of carbon that enter the soil the more po positive if the soil organic carbon balance so again the idea here that there is room for improvement there is room to apply the additionality criteria in many o farm and according to this figure according to this figure at least we need to apply in this CO2 credit projects we need to apply at least annually one ton of organic carbon in order to start to see a positive balance in the soil organic carbon so uh yeah what I was mentioned previously is to what extent this increase in the soil organic carbon this positive balance at the farm level compensate the CO2 that is is emitted due to the farming operation here what you can see is a a typical CO2 emissions um normalized per hecta no per gram of ol fruit per per ton the the CO2 equivalent emission pereta and Pia as you can imagine in intensive o Farms there a clear tendency of higher CO2 emission due to the farming operations whereas in traditional rain feed o Farms the uh values tend to be much uh lower um what you can see here is the CO2 emission due to the farm operation when the annual carbon entry in the farm is either lower than two TS per hecta per year or higher than two two TS per hecta on year this is highlighted in in red and it's positive because obviously the farming operation the tractor fertilizer produ production distribution application Etc emit CO2 this is the reason why it is positive so if we can consider and now I would like to have a look to the uh to the green uh columns if you consider if if you uh remove from this CO2 emission in red the positive balance at the farm scale converted into CO2 as you can see the value is negative especially in those o farms in which at least more than two tons of carbon pan per year are are appli so this figure demonstrate that in many cases this increase in the organic carbon at the farm level compensate the CO2 emission due to the farm operation and this is especially true when the O Farms is the even throughout management at least one two TS of carbon Peta and peria in this figure there is few exception as you can see this few exception uh highlight the fact that there is room to apply the additionality criteria in many Olive Farm throughout a proper CO2 project credit and I believe this is what I wanted to tell you uh sorry for the uh confusion uh I took the train very very very early this morning and I didn't sleep well thank you