Musculoskeletal System: Chapter 15 Part Two

Combining Forms and Terminology

• Calcium (Calco):

  • Hypercalcemia: Excessive calcium in the bloodstream.
  • Decalcification: Removal of calcium from bones.

• Kypho: Posterior curvature of the thoracic spine.

  • Kyphosis: Condition of having a humped back.

• Lamina: Part of the vertebral body.

  • Laminectomy: Removal of a lamina to relieve symptoms of a ruptured intervertebral disc.

• Lord: Curve or swayback.

  • Lordosis: Abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar region.

• Lumbar: Pertaining to the lower back.

  • Myelo: Bone marrow.
  • Myelopoiesis: Formation of bone marrow.

• Ortho: Straight.

  • Orthopedic: Pertaining to orthopedics.

• Osteo: Bone.

  • Osteogenesis: Formation of bone.

• Scolio: Crooked.

  • Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine.

• Spondylous: Vertebrae.

  • Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae.
  • Spondylolysis: Condition of vertebrae wear and tear.

• Malacia: Softening.

  • Chondromalacia: Softening of cartilage.

• Porous: Passageway.

  • Osteoporosis: Condition of increased pores in bones.

Specific Bone Terminology

• Acetabulum: Hip socket.
• Calcaneus: Heel bone.
• Carpals: Wrist bones.
• Clavicle: Collar bone.
• Femur: Thigh bone.
• Fibula: Smaller lower leg bone.
• Humerus, Radius, and Ulna: Bones of the arm.
• Phalanges: Fingers.
• Pelvis: Hip bone structure.

Pathology of the Musculoskeletal System

• Ewing Sarcoma: Malignant bone tumor.
• Exostosis: Bony growth on bone surface.
• Osteogenic Sarcoma: Malignant tumor arising from bone.
• Osteomalacia: Softening of bones.
• Osteomyelitis: Bone inflammation due to infection.
• Talipes: Congenital deformity, clubfoot.

Types of Fractures

• Simple Fracture: Closed, doesn't break skin.
• Compound Fracture: Open, breaks skin.
• Colles' Fracture: Common wrist fracture.
• Compression Fracture: Occurs in osteoporotic patients.

Joints and Related Structures

• Suture Joints: Immovable parts of the skull.
• Synovial Joints: Freely movable, e.g., ball and socket joints.
• Ligaments: Bands connecting bones.
• Articular Cartilage: Covers bone surfaces at the joints.
• Synovial Fluid: Lubricates joints.
• Meniscus: Fibrocartilage that cushions and stabilizes joints.
• Bursa: Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction.

Joint Pathologies

• Bursitis: Inflammation of bursa.
• Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons.
• Arthritis: Joint inflammation.
  • Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear.
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune.

Muscle Types and Functions

• Striated Muscles: Voluntary, e.g., biceps.
• Smooth Muscles: Involuntary, e.g., digestive tract.
• Cardiac Muscles: Involuntary, heart muscles.

Muscle Movements

• Flexion/Extension: Bending/straightening limbs.
• Abduction/Adduction: Moving away from/toward the midline.
• Rotation: Circular movement.
• Supination/Pronation: Turning palm up/down.

Diseases and Disorders

• Muscular Dystrophy: Inherited muscle weakness.
• Polymyositis: Chronic inflammatory muscle disease.
• Myasthenia Gravis: Condition causing muscle weakness.

Diagnostic Terms and Procedures

• EMG (Electromyography): Measures muscle response.
• Bone Density Test: Evaluates bone strength.
• Arthroscopy: Joint examination via endoscope.

Abbreviations

• ACL: Anterior Cruciate Ligament.
• ANA: Antinuclear Antibody Test.
• CTS: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
• NSAIDs: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs.
• TJR: Total Joint Replacement.

These notes cover key points from the lecture on the musculoskeletal system, including combining forms, pathology, joint structures, and muscle functions, which are essential for understanding this system in medical terminology.