all right we'll continue with chapter 15 the musculoskeletal system part two now let's look at the combining form so what true medical terminology is about all the the first half was just introduction to anatomy but calcium uh calco calcium so if somebody is hypercalcemia that would have excessive calcium in the bloodstream again calcium would be another calcium so decalcification would be removal of calcium from bones uh kypho is a posterior curvature of the thoracic spine so somebody would have kyphosis lamina is so that's a part of your vertebral body so if somebody is having a laminectomy they would have a removal of a lamina to relieve the symptoms of a ruptured iv disc uh what about lord uh it's curve that means lordosis abnormal anterior curvature of the backbones in the lumbar region so your butt would stick out if you have a extreme lordosis okay so lumbar loins meaning low back so lumbar region would be perturbed pertaining to the low back myelo means bone marrow so myelopoiesis is formation of bone marrow ortho is straight so orthopedic pertaining to orthopedics okay osteo is bone so osteogenesis would be the formation of bone scolio is crooked so scoliosis is the abnormal condition of lateral curvature of the spine spondylous vertebrae so spondylolitis or spondylolisthesis spondylitis would be inflammation of the vertebrae spondylolosis is an abnormal condition of the vertebrae which is basically wear and tear and the vertebra or vertebral would be pertaining to the vertebra blast embryonic cell so osteoblast is an immature bone cell class this means to break so osteoclast is a large cell that will break down bone less thesis is slipping so again spondylolisthesis is a forward displacement of vertebrae so it could be l4 l5 spondylolisthesis malaysia is softening so chondromalasia or osteomalacia softening of bone physicists means to grow so epiphysis is the ends of the long bones a porous is a poor passage so someone that has osteoporosis a condition of increased pores of the bone tome is an instrument to cut so osteotome is an instrument to cut bone terminology related to specific bones we have acetabula so acetabulum hip socket calcanea calcaneus is the heel carpal would be carpals wrist bones claudic would be clavicle collar bone cost means ribs and cranial meaning cranium skull femur so femoral femur thigh bones fibula fibula smaller lower leg bones ilia meaning the ilium upper part of the pelvic bone issue meaning estrium part of the pelvic bone mallio malleolus mandibular is mandible lower jaw bone maxilla is maxillo metacarp metacarpals hand bones metatarsal foot bones olecranon is the elbow patella is the kneecap pelvic our pelvic is the pelvis right so if you go back to some of these uh suffixes right so blast we talked about that but if you look at these as combining forms right so we can go acetabular calcaneal carpal femoral fibular humeral peroneal or peroneus means the fibula phalanges finger pubis uh radius and the scapula sternum is the breastbone tarsals tibia is the shin bone ulna is a lower arm bone on the inside let's look at some pathology related to the musculoskeletal system you might see it as the msk system as well but ewing sarcoma is a malignant bone tumor exocytosis means bony growth on the surface of a bone osteogenic sarcomas are malignant tumors rising from bone osteomalacia means softening of the bone osteomyelitis inflammation secondary to infection uh talipis are our congenital abnormality of hindu involving the tale so babies are bone with a club club foot fractures you have simple fractures which are closed meaning they don't break the skin a compound fracture would be open so it breaks the skin colonies fracture are very common in the wrist and then you have compression fractures in osteoporotic patients commuted fractures basically is just broken in half and kids will get what we call a green stick fracture meaning if you've ever broken a stick and the two ends still stay connected via this strand of bone now joint is articulation coming together of two or more bones suture joints are immovable parts of the skull synovial joints are freely movable such as the ball and socket which is in your hip and shoulder and then you have a hinge type such as your elbow knee and ankle synovial joints are joint capsule that surrounds the bone ligament bands uh the bones together bones are covered by articular cartilage remember that's just like tread on a tire you don't want to take too much off but once it's gone that's it synovial membrane lies under capsule and lies sono cavity it's filled with synovial fluid that helps lubricate the joint meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilage structure that partly divides a joint cavity acts as a protective cushion present in the knee now once you tear your meniscus unfortunately there's no repair as well bursa closed sacs of synovial fluid with the synovial membrane located near but not within that joint needed where sliding must take place common sites uh between tendons connective tissue connecting muscle to bone between ligaments binding bone to bone and then between skin bones okay so bursa are non-contractile so if somebody has bursitis they're going to have pain at rest where somebody if they have tendonitis they're going to have pain with contraction so here's a joint here there's a femur patella bursa that's what a bursa looks like again you don't have to label any of these on a diagram this is just to help you learn a little bit better there's the femur there's your acl pcl here's the meniscus that people talk about what is that there's your medium meniscus there's your lateral meniscus and here's your mcl some people usually tear their acl meniscus and mcl all at the same time okay you have articular cartilage articulation bursas and ligaments it's articular cartilage is smooth glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint articulation is any type of joint bursa is a sack of fluid near a joint a ligament again attaches bone to bone you have the meniscus suture joint synovial joint a meniscus is crescent shaped fibrocartilage structure found in the knee a suture joint a movable joint synovial cavity space between bones at a synovial joint you have synovial fluid synovial joints noble membrane and the tendon synovial fluid uh viscous fluid within the synovial cavity synovial joint freely movable joint synovial membrane tissue lining the synovial cavity produces synovial fluid and then you have tendon which is a fibrous connective bands that connect muscles to bones quick quiz the fibrous connective band that binds muscles to bones is a tendon remember muscle to bone is tendon bone to bone is a ligament um so ankylo ankalosis is stiff okay so if you have ankle ankylosing spondylitis or ankylosing spondylisis uh there's a lot of terminology that you can see in the medical charts arthro is joint so if you have arthritis that would be inflammation of the joint there's different kinds of arthritis you have osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis rheumatoid arthritis is congenital whereas osteoarthritis is just wear and tear which a lot of you will get as you get older okay not that i want i'm just saying that those that's something that you can get so again ankylosis is abnormal stiffening and immobile immobility of a joint uh arthro is arthritis or you can have arthroplasty which is surgical repair of a joint articulo is a joint so our articular cartilage is cartilage found in the joint bursa remember bursitis is inflammation of the bursa chondro let's say you have a chondroplasia which means improper cartilage formation what about ligament so what if ligamentous means pertaining to a ligament rooma as watery flow so rheumatologists as a specialist in treatment of joints disorders synovial synovial fluid so what if you have synovitis that would be inflammation of the synovial membrane you have tendon you have tendonitis that can be inflammation of the tendon okay diesis is to bind together so arthrodesis would be binding together or cervical fusion of a joint and stenosis is narrowing so you could have lumbar stenosis or cervical stenosis now arthritis a couple kinds of arthritis again there's inflammation of any joint but ankylosing spondylitis is chronic progressive stiffening of the joints mostly the spine you have gouty arthritis which is inflammation due to excessive uric acid you have osteoarthritis which is loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces can occur in any joint but mainly in spine hips and knees of older people then you have rheumatoid arthritis ra which is an autoimmune reaction against joint diseases there's rheumatoid arthritis again rheumatoid arthritis is systemic so it occurs in both knees bulbs both hips both ankles whereas osteoarthritis will occur in just your right knee or your left knee or whatever the case may be okay now the bunion women get mostly bunions because they've had two tight shoes or the way high heels so bunya is a swelling of the medial aspect of joint between the big toe and first metatarsal you've heard of carpal tunnel syndrome which is compression of median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament and bones and then dislocations or displacements of bones from a joint here's what carpal tunnel people can say that they had numbers and tingling in there uh ganglion is a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule they used to hit like a little ganglion cyst with the bible because they thought that uh that would go away it was work of the witches and even though they would hit it with the bible would come back so they said only witches could bring it back herniation of an intervertebral disc is an abnormal protrusion of the disc into the neural canal or against spinal nerves that's a slip disc what about lyme disease that's recurrent arthritis myalgia malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms often marked by a bulls-eye rash at the site of the tick bite so it's usually caused by ticks what about sprain again trauma to joint with pain swelling and injury to ligaments without rupture systemic lupus chronic inflammation involving joints kidneys skin nervous system heart lungs affecting collagen tendons ligaments bones and cartilage all over the body and they usually have a telltale butterfly rash around their cheeks all right so we made it to the muscles there's three types of muscles they're striated smooth and cardiac striatus under voluntary control that would be like your biceps they move all the bones as well as the face and the eyes smooth control is involuntary you can't tell your digestive system your stomach to digest your blood vessels to contract and cardiac again is not voluntary you don't have to tell your heart to beat that's automatic control um again you don't need to know the different types of muscle from diagram and you definitely don't need to memorize any of the muscles that would be anatomy class but just realize that their name for a reason like let's say temporalis is near the temporal bone occipital frontalis goes from your occiput all the way to your frontal bone orbicularis oculis around the eye okay so a lot of times they're named for a reason think about that sternocleidomastoid goes from your sternum to the clavicle to your mastoid process one of the actions flexion extension abduction adduction rotation dorsiflexion plantarflexion supination pronation if you look at that that would be these flexion extension dorsiflexion plantarflexion pronation supination abduction adduction and rotation all right the home stretch now vocabulary muscles so you have abduction adduction dorsiflexion extension these are ways that you would move so a b duction abduction is moving away from the midline a deduction is movement toward the midline dorsiflexion is upper movement of the foot but extension would be straightening of a flex limb what about fascia flexion insertion of muscle origin of muscle uh fascia is a fibrous omitting and then beveling muscle so remember how ligaments attach bone to bone tendons attach muscle to bone but fascias kind of do muscle to muscle basically flexion downward movement of the foot that would be more plantar flexion because you can have flexion of your shoulder reflection of your elbow so flexion itself means uh decreasing the joint angle but plantar flexion would be downward movement of the foot insertion of a muscle connection of the muscle to a bone origin connection of muscle to a stationary bone uh you have plantar flexion pronation rotation skeletal muscle uh plantarflexion again is bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground uh pronation turning the palm downward rotation circular movement around the central point skeletal muscle muscle connected to bones voluntary or striated muscles smooth muscle strain muscle supination visceral muscle smooth muscles visceral muscles striated muscle skeletal muscle supination is turning the palm upward like sup sup man and visceral muscles muscle connected to internal organs all right what's movement away from the body that would be a b duction b as in boy all right so let's look at the tail end of the medical terms which are probably more important so what about fascia fascia what about fascictomy removal of the fascia or a fasciotomy would be incision into the fascia okay fibro fibrous fibromyalgia you've heard of that that's pain of fibrous connective tissue and muscle in various parts of the body how about the lyo myos uh smooth muscle that's leo myoma would be a tumor of smooth muscle and myo is muscle so myalgia would be pain in the muscle myocardial is the myocardian pertaining to the heart muscle myo muscle would be so myositis would be inflammation of the muscle planta plantar pertaining to the soul of the foot rab dami skeletal muscle connected to bone so rhabdomy how about a rhabdo myoma that's a tumor of the skeletal muscle rhabdomyosarcoma is another malignant tumor of the skeletal muscle okay so myoma would be benign but a myosarcoma would be malignant okay asthenia lack of strength so myasthenia gravis condition of muscle weakness caused by failure and transmission of nerve impulses trophy developments or atrophy would be decrease in size so you've got your prefixes you've got your ab away from a d toward dorsey back poly mini okay so you can pain in the muscle so what if you have polymyalgia uh dorsiflexion would be bending of the foot backward a d adduction is toward and a b ductions away what are some pathological conditions of muscles uh you have muscular dystrophy a group of inherited diseases with progressive muscle weakness and degeneration without nervous system polymyositis chronic inflammatory myopathy may be an autoimmune disorder and then you have all these lab tests that you can do a a which is an antinuclear antibody test esr that's to test for rheumatoid arthritis a rheumatoid factor test rf serum calcium serum creatine kinase and uric acid test clinical procedures related again i'm not going to ask you what any of these tests do you just need to know what a ana may stand for or what ends for and how to spell that correctly clinical procedures related to bones you can have arthrocentesis arthrography arthroplasty arthroscopy bone density bone skin you can have a computed tomography disography emg mri and a muscle biopsy so what are the abbreviations ac acl ana bka a bmd c1 to c7 c a c k c m c so ac would be the criminal joint acl is your enter crucial ligament a a is your antinuclear body bk is below the knee amputation bmd is your bone mineral density c1 to season are your cervical vertebrae ca is calcium ck is creatine kinase cmc is your thumb which is your carpal metacarpal joint cts is carpal tunnel syndrome dexa is dual energy x-ray absorptiometry d-mard is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug uh dodtr's emg ecr hmp iml1 l5 ncr so do is a doctor of osteopathy dtrs our deep tendon reflexes emg is electromyography hnp herniated nucleus pulposa i am intramuscular l1 l5 lumbar vertebrae nsaids are non-serol anti-inflammatory drugs oa is osteoarthritis or if it's an open reduction that they could do with a fracture orthos orthopedics otp ptra rom rom sle so ot is occupational therapy p is phosphorus pt is physical therapy uh rf is rheumatoid factor our rom is range of motion sle is systemic lupus t1 and t12 is the thoracic vertebrae and a total knee replacement is a tkr total hip replacement is a thr and your tmj joint would be the temporal mandibular joint