Anatomy of a Frog (Rana magna macrocephala)

External Anatomy

• Snout: Streamlines movement.
• Nostril: Facilitates air intake for breathing.
• Nictitating membrane: Protects and moistens the eyes.
• Eye: Provides vision and detects movement.
• Tympanum: Detects sound vibrations.
• Manus: Supports movement.
• Forearm: Aids in movement and balance.
• Upper arm: Connects forearm to shoulder for mobility.
• Hump: Supports internal structures.
• Cloacal opening (Vent): Releases waste, urine, and reproductive cells.
• Thigh: Provides jumping power.
• Shank: Supports jumping and swimming.
• Prehallux: Assists with balance.
• Web: Enhances swimming efficiency.
• Ankle (Tarsus): Provides flexibility.
• Instep: Supports stability.
• Toes (Digits): Aid in movement and grip.
• Trunk: Houses vital organs.
• Hindlimb: Enables jumping and swimming.
• Pes (Foot): Helps in movement.

Buccal Cavity of a Male Frog

• Median subrostral fossa: Assists in food manipulation.
• Pulvinar rostale: Helps in prey control.
• Lateral subrostral fossa: Aids in food handling.
• Upper lip fold: Protects the mouth.
• Internal naris (Choana): Connects nostrils to the throat.
• Vomerine teeth: Hold and grip prey.
• Sulcus marginalis: Assists feeding.
• Maxillary teeth: Help hold prey.
• Eyeball (Orbital) prominence: Assists in swallowing.
• Esophagus entrance: Directs food to the stomach.
• Eustachian opening: Equalizes ear pressure.
• Laryngeal prominence: Assists in vocalization.
• Glottis: Controls airflow to lungs.
• Opening of the Vocal Sac: Amplifies sound in males.
• Lower lip fold: Protects the mouth.
• Tongue: Catches prey.
• Tuberculum prelinguale: Assists tongue function.
• Prelingual fossa: Helps tongue movement.
• Tuberculum laterale: Supports buccal cavity structure.

Internal Anatomy – Visceral Organs

• Pericardial sac: Protects the heart.
• Heart: Pumps blood.
• Liver: Produces bile and detoxifies blood.
• Lung: Facilitates respiration.
• Gall bladder: Stores bile.
• Hepato-duodenal omentum: Supports liver and duodenum.
• Mesenterium (Mesentery proper): Holds intestines in place.
• Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and hormones.
• Fat-body (Corpora adiposa): Stores energy.
• Stomach: Digests food.
• Pyloric constriction: Regulates food passage.
• Duodenum: Begins nutrient absorption.
• Small intestine: Absorbs nutrients.
• Testis: Produces sperm.
• Ileum: Final digestion and absorption.
• Adrenal gland: Produces hormones.
• Spleen: Filters blood.
• Peritoneum: Protects internal organs.
• Large intestine: Absorbs water and stores waste.
• Urinary bladder: Stores urine.
• Cloaca: Common exit for waste and reproductive materials.
• Kidney: Filters blood and produces urine.

Lower Digestive Tract (Ventral View)

• Gall bladder: Stores bile.
• Liver: Detoxifies and aids digestion.
• Esophagus: Transports food.
• Pancreas: Secretes digestive enzymes.
• Cardiac end (Stomach): Receives food.
• Fundus: Stores food.
• Duodenum: Aids in digestion.
• Ileum: Absorbs nutrients.
• Pyloric end: Regulates food passage.
• Mesenterium: Supports intestines.
• Large intestine: Absorbs water.
• Cloaca: Expels waste.
• Cloacal opening (Vent): Exit for waste.

Urogenital System (Ventral View)

Male

• Fat body (Corpora adiposa): Stores energy.
• Posterior vena cava: Returns blood to the heart.
• Testis: Produces sperm.
• Vas efferens: Transports sperm.
• Adrenal gland: Produces hormones.
• Kidney: Filters blood.
• Renal vein: Drains filtered blood.
• Renal portal vein: Circulates blood in kidneys.
• Sciatic nerve: Controls leg movement.
• Urinary bladder: Stores urine.
• Cloaca: Releases waste and reproductive material.
• Cloacal opening (Vent): External waste exit.
• Mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct): Transports sperm and urine.
• Vesicula seminalis (Seminal vesicle): Stores sperm.

Female

• Ovary with eggs: Produces eggs.
• Oviduct: Transports eggs.
• Ovisac: Stores eggs.
• Urinary bladder: Stores urine.
• Ostium: Captures eggs for transport.