External Anatomy of a Frog (Rana magna macrocephala)
Snout – Helps streamline movement.
Nostril – Allows air intake for breathing.
Nictitating membrane – Protects and moistens the eyes.
Eye – Provides vision and detects movement.
Tympanum – Detects sound vibrations.
Manus – Supports movement.
Forearm – Aids in movement and balance.
Upper arm – Connects forearm to shoulder for mobility.
Hump – Supports internal structures.
Cloacal opening (Vent) – Releases waste, urine, and reproductive cells.
Thigh – Provides jumping power.
Shank – Supports jumping and swimming.
Prehallux – Assists with balance
Web – Enhances swimming efficiency.
Ankle (Tarsus) – Provides flexibility.
Instep – Supports stability.
Toes (Digits) – Aid in movement and grip.
Trunk – Houses vital organs.
Hindlimb – Enables jumping and swimming.
Pes (Foot) – Helps in movement.
Buccal Cavity of a Male Frog
Median subrostral fossa – Assists in food manipulation.
Pulvinar rostale – Helps in prey control.
Lateral subrostral fossa – Aids in food handling.
Upper lip fold – Protects the mouth.
Internal naris (Choana) – Connects nostrils to the throat.
Vomerine teeth – Hold and grip prey.
Sulcus marginalis – Assists in feeding.
Maxillary teeth – Help hold prey.
Eyeball (Orbital) prominence – Assists in swallowing.
Esophagus entrance – Directs food to the stomach.
Eustachian opening – Equalizes ear pressure.
Laryngeal prominence – Assists in vocalization.
Glottis – Controls airflow to lungs.
Opening of the Vocal Sac – Amplifies sound in males.
Lower lip fold – Protects the mouth.
Tongue – Catches prey.
Tuberculum prelinguale – Assists tongue function.
Prelingual fossa – Helps tongue movement.
Tuberculum laterale – Supports buccal cavity structure.
Internal Anatomy – Visceral Organs
Pericardial sac – Protects the heart.
Heart – Pumps blood.
Liver – Produces bile and detoxifies blood.
Lung – Facilitates respiration.
Gall bladder – Stores bile.
Hepato-duodenal omentum – Supports liver and duodenum.
Mesenterium (Mesentery proper) – Holds intestines in place.
Pancreas – Produces digestive enzymes and hormones.
Fat-body (Corpora adiposa) – Stores energy.
Stomach – Digests food.
Pyloric constriction – Regulates food passage.
Duodenum – Begins nutrient absorption.
Small intestine – Absorbs nutrients.
Testis – Produces sperm.
Ileum – Final digestion and absorption.
Adrenal gland – Produces hormones.
Spleen – Filters blood.
Peritoneum – Protects internal organs.
Large intestine – Absorbs water and stores waste.
Urinary bladder – Stores urine.
Cloaca – Common exit for waste and reproductive materials.
Kidney – Filters blood and produces urine.
Lower Digestive Tract (Ventral View)
Gall bladder – Stores bile.
Liver – Detoxifies and aids digestion.
Esophagus – Transports food.
Pancreas – Secretes digestive enzymes.
Cardiac end (Stomach) – Receives food.
Fundus – Stores food.
Duodenum – Aids in digestion.
Ileum – Absorbs nutrients.
Pyloric end – Regulates food passage.
Mesenterium – Supports intestines.
Large intestine – Absorbs water.
Cloaca – Expels waste.
Cloacal opening (Vent) – Exit for waste.
Urogenital System (Ventral View)
Male
Fat body (Corpora adiposa) – Stores energy.
Posterior vena cava – Returns blood to the heart.
Testis – Produces sperm.
Vas efferens – Transports sperm.
Adrenal gland – Produces hormones.
Kidney – Filters blood.
Renal vein – Drains filtered blood.
Renal portal vein – Circulates blood in kidneys.
Sciatic nerve – Controls leg movement.
Urinary bladder – Stores urine.
Cloaca – Releases waste and reproductive material.
Cloacal opening (Vent) – External waste exit.
Mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct) – Transports sperm and urine.
Vesicula seminalis (Seminal vesicle) – Stores sperm.
Female
Ovary with eggs – Produces eggs.
Oviduct – Transports eggs.
Ovisac – Stores eggs.
Urinary bladder – Stores urine.
Ostium – Captures eggs for transport.