History of Uttar Pradesh

Introduction

• Uttar Pradesh is the most populous and the fourth largest state in India.
• Historically, it is the birthplace of Lord Rama, Lord Krishna, and Buddha.

Ancient History

• Aryan Era:

  • The Aryan civilization began in the plains of the Ganges and Yamuna.
  • Vedic literature and epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata are mentioned.

• Archaeological Discoveries:

  • Remains of human skulls from 10,000 BC were found in Pratapgarh.
  • Evidence of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods was found in Meerut and Saharanpur.

• Spread of Buddhism:

  • Gautam Buddha delivered his first sermon in Sarnath.

Medieval History

• Entry of Muslim Rulers:

  • Arrival of Muslim rulers at the end of the 12th century.
  • Muhammad Ghori defeated the Gahadavala dynasty.

• Mughal Empire:

  • The importance of Uttar Pradesh increased during the reign of Akbar.
  • Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in Agra.

Modern History

• British Rule:

  • The revolution of 1857 began in Meerut.
  • Uttar Pradesh played a significant role in the freedom movement against British rule.

• Formation of Uttarakhand:

  • In 2000, Uttarakhand was formed by separating from Uttar Pradesh.

Cultural and Political Importance of Uttar Pradesh

• This state plays a vital role in Indian politics.
• Known for the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb (culture of coexistence of Hindu and Muslim communities).

These topics can be given special attention for UPSC and other competitive exams.