AP Human Geography Unit 7 Review

Economic Sectors

Tertiary Sector: Services such as retail, education, and healthcare. Predominantly found in More Developed Countries (MDCs).
Secondary Sector: Focuses on manufacturing and industrial production. Common in emerging economies or semi-periphery countries.
Primary Sector: Involves natural resource extraction like farming, fishing, and mining. Often prevalent in Less Developed Countries (LDCs).

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory:
- Core: Dominates the tertiary sector (services and high-tech industries).
- Semi-Periphery: Engages in secondary (industrial) and some primary (resource extraction) activities.
- Periphery: Relies heavily on the primary sector.
Rostow’s Stages of Development: Economic development model with five stages, from traditional societies to high mass consumption.
- Strength: Offers a clear progression model.
- Weakness: Considered overly simplistic.
Weber's Least Cost Theory: Proposes industrial location is determined by minimizing transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs.

GDP (Gross Domestic Product): Total value of goods and services produced within a country.
GNI (Gross National Income): GDP plus income earned from abroad by nationals.
Per Capita: GDP or GNI divided by the population, indicating average economic output per person.
HDI (Human Development Index): Measures development using life expectancy, education, and income levels.
GII (Gender Inequality Index): Lower scores indicate greater gender equality.

Informal Economy: Unregulated economic activities like street vending or unregistered businesses.
Microlending: Small loans to individuals in LDCs to support entrepreneurship.
Microfinance: Includes microlending, savings, and other financial services for the poor.
Comparative Advantage: When a country efficiently produces goods at a lower opportunity cost (e.g., Brazil and coffee).
Complementarity Advantage: Mutual benefit where two regions produce goods that complement each other, promoting trade.
Growth Pole: An area with clustered economic activities that stimulate regional development.
Economic Restructuring: Transition from manufacturing to services, typically in post-industrial economies.

Ecotourism: Environmentally responsible travel to natural areas.
- Positives: Promotes conservation.
- Negatives: May cause overcrowding.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: 17 global goals for eradicating poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring prosperity.

Impact of Industrial Revolution on Transportation and Trade: Innovations like railroads and steam engines increased trade efficiency by revolutionizing the movement of goods and people.
Effects of Industrial Revolution in Other Countries: Prompted colonization and resource exploitation in LDCs to fuel industrial production in MDCs.

Deindustrialization: Decline in manufacturing due to globalization, leading to unemployment and a shift toward service economies.
Examples of Manufacturing Industries: Automotive, textiles, electronics.
Post-Fordist Model: Flexible production methods using automation and outsourcing, supplanting traditional assembly lines.