AP Human Geography Unit 7 Review
* Tertiary Sector: This involves services like retail, education, and healthcare, and is mainly found in MDCs (More Developed Countries).
* Secondary Sector: Focuses on manufacturing and industrial production, and is often prevalent in emerging economies or semi-periphery countries.
* Primary Sector: Involves natural resource extraction like farming, fishing, and mining, commonly found in LDCs (Less Developed Countries).
* Wallerstein's World Systems:
* Core: Dominates the tertiary sector (e.g., services and high-tech industries).
* Semi-Periphery: Includes both secondary (industrial) and some primary (resource extraction) activities.
* Periphery: Relies heavily on the primary sector.
* GDP (Gross Domestic Product): Measures the total value of goods and services produced within a country.
* GNI (Gross National Income): GDP plus income earned from abroad by nationals.
* Per Capita: GDP or GNI divided by the population, giving an average economic output per person.
* HDI (Human Development Index): Measures development using life expectancy, education, and income levels.
* Informal Economy: Economic activities not regulated by the government, like street vending or unregistered businesses.
* Microlending: Small loans provided to individuals in LDCs to support entrepreneurship.
* Microfinance: A broader system including microlending, savings, and financial services for the poor.
* GII (Gender Inequality Index): A lower score indicates more gender equality.
* Comparative Advantage: When a country produces goods at a lower opportunity cost (e.g., Brazil’s advantage in coffee production).
* Complementarity Advantage: When two regions produce goods that complement each other, fostering trade (e.g., oil and machinery).
* Growth Pole: An area where economic activities cluster, stimulating regional development.
* Economic Restructuring: The shift from manufacturing to services, often seen in post-industrial economies.
* Ecotourism: Environmentally responsible travel to natural areas. Positives: Promotes conservation. Negatives: Can lead to overcrowding.
* United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: 17 global goals aimed at eradicating poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring prosperity.
CONCEPTS:
* Impact of Industrial Revolution on Transportation and Trade: Inventions like railroads and steam engines revolutionized the movement of goods and people, increasing trade efficiency.
* Effects of Industrial Revolution in Other Countries: Led to colonization and the exploitation of resources in LDCs to fuel industrial production in MDCs.
* Differences between MDCs and LDCs: MDCs have higher HDI indicators, lower land prices, and aging populations, while LDCs face higher birth rates and limited access to resources.
* Rostow’s Stages of Development: A model of economic development with five stages, from traditional societies to high mass consumption. Strength: Clear progression. Weakness: Overly simplistic.
* Wallerstein’s World System Theory: Explains global inequalities with core, semi-periphery, and periphery roles. Strength: Highlights interconnectedness. Weakness: Doesn't account for development within countries.
* Deindustrialization: A decline in manufacturing due to globalization, causing unemployment and economic shifts toward services.
* Examples of Manufacturing Industries: Automotive, textiles, and electronics.
* Post-Fordist Model: Flexible production methods using automation and outsourcing, replacing rigid assembly lines.
* Weber's Least Cost Theory: Predicts industrial locations by minimizing transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs.