Music Greetings and good day to our senior high school learners and to our social science enthusiasts. I am Sir Edward Noda and welcome to another topic for UCSP class with Sir Edward. For our previous discussion, we already discussed the social institutions. And one topic we discussed last on our previous episode is all about family.
For this topic, we will continue our discussion for social institutions focusing on politics. For this particular topic, we will discuss the political and leadership structures. This is lesson number 10 for UCSP, Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics.
For our topic for today, we will discuss the letter P on UCSP and that is Politics. For this particular topic, we will discuss the dynamics of politics. Let's define first the important concepts and terminologies related to our topic for today. We have political structure or institution. It refers to an organized way in which power is distributed and decisions are made within a society.
Let us discuss the different political organization. The first which is what we call as the bands and the tribes. Bands and tribes are considered as the simplest political systems. When you say band, it is formed by several families living together based on marriage ties, common descendants, and friendship affiliations. Informal leadership is accorded to members who possess certain skills and knowledge such as gift of memory, hunting, or healing skills or those special ability.
And under band, decision making, are usually made by consensus or by the majority of the members or residents on a particular band. Band is also ruled by a village headman. Now, let us define now what is the meaning of the word tribe. When you say tribes, tribes usually practice agriculture, allowing them to support large... population.
Example of this are our brothers and sisters like such as the Igorots. Now, to compare bands and tribes, usually, tribes is bigger compared to bands. A band is usually a small, egalitarian kin-based group of perhaps 10 to 50 people, while a tribe comprise a number of bands that were politically integrated and often through a council of elders or other leaders. and shared a language, religious beliefs, and other aspects of culture.
So, to simplify our discussion on this particular part, tribes is considered bigger compared to bands. Next political organization is what we call as the chipdams. A chipdam is a political organization composed of a number of communities that is ruled by a permanent paramount chip. Coming from an elite family, on the context of our country, we have for example the leadership of Ra Sulaiman in Manila and Sultan Kudarat in Mindanao.
So basically, these are the typical image of a leader under a chiefdom. Under chiefdom, power is inherited among the successor on a particular family. Chip dams can either be simple or complex.
When we say simple chip dam, it is characterized by a central village or community ruled only by a single family. While a complex chip dam is composed of several chip dams ruled by a single paramount chip. So for us to understand the concept of chip dam, this is similar to the kingdoms that we have, for example, here in Manila before we were colonized by the Spaniards.
Raja Suleiman, Lakandula, Raja Sikatuna, all of those, Manila, during those times were under the leadership of the chiefdom. We have the Raja, we have the Datu, in Mindanao we have the Sultan. Another important concept is nation and state. Now nation and states are two different concepts or terminology.
When we say nations, nations refers to group of people that share the common history, language, traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity. Whereas, when we say state, state refers to a political unit consisting of government that has sovereignty, presiding a well-defined territory. When the citizens of a state belong to only one nation, such state is called a nation state.
Now, we have four elements of state. We have, for example, The first is the people or the population. Of course, it is important.
Di ba? Without people or without population, there would be no state. In our case, for example, our country has roughly around 110 million of Filipinos. Second element of state, territory.
It is mentioned a while ago that territory should be well-defined and should be recognized by different community of nation-states. Third is there should be... A form of government that is responsible for exercising or enforcing law and order in a particular state or in a particular nation state.
And number four, there should be a sovereignty. Sovereignty is the authority of a state to govern itself or another state. Remember, if any of these four elements are lacking, then this particular nation is not considered a sovereign. as a state. It is a must that these four elements should be seen for a particular area to be considered as a state.
Let's now discuss political legitimacy and authority. Now, leaders, in order to be effective, need to possess authority that is considered legitimate by the members of the community. When we say authority, Authority is the power to make binding decisions and issue commands. What makes authority binding and worthy of obedience is legitimacy. When we say authority, authority is the ability or the power to make decisions.
It is the ability to make or issue commands or executive order to enforce law. That is the concept of what we call as authority. Next is legitimacy.
Legitimacy is a moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possess power the right to authority. When we say legitimacy, legitimacy means it is genuine, it is true, it is recognized by the people, and they have the moral ascendancy to give or to make decisions or issue command for you to have the moral ascendancy for your authority as a leader, your leadership or your position should be considered as legitimate. When you say legitimate, it should be truthful, it should be legal, it should be recognized by all.
For authority to be binding and stable, therefore it must be legitimate. For us to understand the concept of legitimacy and authority, we have your two examples. For example, last year, Afghanistan was overtaken.
The country of Afghanistan was overtaken by this Taliban group. And they were able to control the government and they were able to control Afghanistan. The authority coming from this group, the Taliban, is considered as an authority.
They were able to forcefully take over the government. Therefore, they have the authority to make decisions on the country. But their authority is not considered legitimate because they were able to gain their power. They were able to gain their authority through forceful means.
And therefore, it is not considered recognized by people, especially in Afghanistan. So therefore, they have the authority but they don't have the legitimacy. Again, For your authority to be recognized, for your authority to be morally binding, it should have its legitimacy.
Meaning, it should be recognized by all people and by different community of nation states. Second example is, for example, we have here the O.T. King of our President, Rodrigo Duterte.
He had his O.T. King, his oath as a President way back. June of 2016. Being recognized and being elected by millions of Filipinos during the 2016 election, the authority of our President Rodrigo Duterte has its authority and it is also considered as legitimate.
At the same time, because it is recognized by millions of Filipinos, he was able to gain the authority. He was also elected through a legitimate... means, and that is true, election.
So, therefore, our president has the authority and the legitimacy to govern our country. I hope that you were able to understand the concept of authority and legitimacy. Now, we have three types of authority. The first one is what we call as traditional authority.
Now, legitimacy is derived from a well-established customs, habits, and social structures. For example, for traditional authority, we have the monarchy rule or the rule of the elites in a ship dam. So, best example here for traditional authority are the countries under monarchy.
When we say monarchy, monarchy is a form of government being ruled by the monarchs. Say for example, emperor, a king, a queen. Or for example, in this case, we have the Sultan, being ruled, for example, by Sultan Hasan al-Bulkiya of Brunei. The type of authority being exercised in the Kingdom of Brunei is considered traditional authority.
Second is what we call as the charismatic authority. Under this particular authority, legitimacy emanates from the charisma of the individual, meaning the power legitimated through extraordinary diplomacy. personal abilities can inspire devotion and obedience. For example, Jesus of Nazareth, Bahamut of Mecca, Mahatma Gandhi of India, even Martin Luther King of USA.
When you say charisma, charisma refers to the extraordinary personal qualities that can turn an audience into followers. Many of the leaders that we have right now possess charisma. They were able to win the hearts of the people.
of millions of Filipinos or millions of people. One good example for charismatic authority is Adolf Hitler of Germany. Because of his charisma, he was able to lead Germany. And unfortunately, he also somehow became the responsible for the outbreak of World War II.
The third type of authority is what we call as rational, legal, or bureaucratic authority. This kind of authority draws its legitimacy from formal rules promulgated by the state through its fundamental and implementing laws. But this is the most dominant way of legitimizing authority in modern states.
When we say rational or legal, the authority bestowed on the leader is based on its legal practice. So, for example, here is our own president. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, the type of authority being exercised by our President is based on the legitimacy ruled and promulgated by our Constitution.
Another example is President Joe Biden of America. Basically, majority of nation-state that conduct election, for example, is a manifestation of this rational, legal, or bureaucratic. Next is let's define the concept of government.
When we say government, government is considered as one of the major components of social institution where its activities are entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with regulating relations with other societies. Its legitimacy lies in being recognized to govern. and to enact and enforce laws. So say for example, in our country, we have the presidential type, presidential republic type as a form of government. When we say presidential, the head of state is considered or the head of government is considered as our president.
We elect our president every six years subject for one term. only. Now, in our country, we have three types of government functioning as co-equal. Again, let me remind you that these three branches of government are functioning as co-equal, meaning The executive is not that powerful compared with the legislative, so with judiciary.
They exercise their powers co-equally. This is what we call it as the balance of power. This is done to observe the checks and balances in the government so that there would be no abuse of power. So going back on our discussion on the three branches of our government, we have the executive, and the executive here is being led by our President Rodrigo Duterte. When you say executive, the executive is the branch of government responsible for executing, implementing, and administering laws to provide law and order in our country.
Another branch of government is the legislative. When you say legislative, this is the branch of government responsible for creating, for making laws that needs our country. For our legislative branch, it is divided into two houses and that is the House of Representatives being ruled by our House Speaker.
At present, we have House Speaker Lord Alan Velasco and we have the House of Senate under the leadership of Senate President Vicente Tito Soto III. And the third branch of government is we have the Judiciary which is responsible for interpreting laws. Under judiciary are the different courts that we have in our current individual trial court, the Court of Appeals.
And this is being led by our Chief Justice Alexander Gismundo. Let us discuss the different forms of government. First on the list is we have the monarchy. Monarchy is a political system in which a representative From one family controls the government and power and is passed through that family from generation to generation.
So we have two types of monarchy. We have the absolute and we have the constitutional monarchy. Remember, under monarchy, it is a political system wherein one family controls the government and the power is being passed from one generation to another. Meaning, the power is being inherited from one... family member to the other.
When we say absolute monarchy, the head of government and the head of state is the monarch. It could be a king, an emperor, a queen, a sultan. So, one good example of absolute monarchy is we have Saudi Arabia. King Salman of Saudi Arabia or the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia still under absolute monarchy. Meaning, There is no election in Saudi Arabia and the power is being inherited and being passed on from only single family that rules Saudi Arabia.
When we say constitutional monarchy, the power of the monarch, again, be it queen, king, sultan, emperor or empress, is already limited. It is limited because the power is being limited by the constitution. Under constitutional monarchy, the monarch is no longer the head of government. Instead, the monarch is the head of the state.
When we say head of state, the function of the monarch is simply for ceremonial purpose. He is considered as an authority figure, being revered and honored in the country. One good example of a country that practice constitutional monarchy is the united kingdom under the leadership of their queen queen elizabeth ii queen elizabeth ii is the head of state he is she is revered in their country but she she is not considered as the head of government head of government is lies lies on the power of the prime minister of united kingdom at present as we have prime minister Boris Johnson of United Kingdom.
Under constitutional monarchy, the ruler could either be, we have the head of state, which could be a queen, an emperor, and we have, for example, for the head of government, a prime minister or a president. Another example of constitutional monarchy is the country of Japan. We have, for example, the emperor of Japan, and we also have the prime minister of Japan.
Again, under constitutional monarchy, the monarch acts as a ceremonial or authority head or figurehead of the country. And another form of government is what we call as democracy. For democracy, it is a system in which the citizens choose officials to run their government through popular or majority votes. When we say democracy, people have the freedom to choose or to elect their leader. Best example of democracy is we have the USA, United States of America, and their leader, President Joe Biden of USA.
Our country, of course, is an example of democracy wherein we also elect our leaders, our president, our vice president, senators, mayors, governors, among others. Next is authoritarianism. Autoritarianism is a form of government characterized by the rejection of political plurality. When we say political plurality, there are no opposition on the government.
Under authoritarianism, they use a strong central power to preserve the political status quo and reductions in the rule of law, separation of power, and democratic voting. Usually, under authoritarianism, this is being led by a strong leader. One good example here is President Vladimir Putin of Russia. His form of government is considered as an authoritarian. Like for example, last year, he extended his power up to a number or couple of years, therefore cementing his power on the field of politics in Russia.
Former President Ferdinand Marcos at the height of martial law from 1972 up to the mid-80s is considered as an authoritarian leader. During his time, he was able to cement his power and he was able to extend his power. Therefore, making former President Ferdinand Marcos as the longest serving president of our country and that which ended his term on the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution. Another example for authoritarianism is the military junta in Myanmar. So we have here some pictures of the citizens protesting for example the abuse of power of the military junta.
Again, when we see authoritarianism, it is being lead by a strong authoritarian leader. Usually by a dictator. Last is we have totalitarianism.
Totalitarianism is a political system under which the government maintains and controls all, when you say all, total, all aspects of its citizens'lives. Best example here is we have Adolf Hitler in Germany and we also have the supreme leader of North Korea, Kim Jong-un. Under the leadership of Kim Jong-un, it is considered that North Korea is a totalitarian government. That's why for example, North Korea is excluded.
We don't have any idea what's happening in North Korea. They don't even have their report on the COVID-19 situations in their country. That's how excluded North Korea among the rest of the world.
Still, North Korea is under a totalitarian form of government. Before we end our discussion, Let's have first a short assessment of what you have learned from today's topic. So let's start with item number one.
Number one, it is a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty presiding a well-defined territory. Is it A, nation? B, shipdom? Letter C, empire?
Or letter D, state? The correct answer for number 1 is Letter D State Diba we mentioned that State should have sovereignty Territory A well-defined territory Government and people or population Let's proceed with item number 2 It is the power to make Binding Decisions and Issue Commands Letter A, Authority Letter B, Legitimacy Letter C, Executive Letter D, Judgment. The answer for number 2 is, it's letter A, Authority.
Next, number 3. It is a moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses power the right to authority. Legality. Letter B, Authority.
Letter C, legitimacy. Or letter D, the power to rule. The correct answer for number 3, it's legitimacy. Let's have item number 4. For number 4, the likes of Adolf Hitler, Donald Trump, Ferdinand Marcos, and Rodrigo Duterte Who used their charm and strong personality to win the approval of people are examples of which type of authority?
A. Traditional B. Charismatic C. Rational-legal D. Mandated The correct answer for number 4 is letter B, Charismatic. And for our final item, number 5, the rebel group staged a rebellion and seized the power from the president.
Do they have the authority to rule? Letter A, yes, they are in power now and they have the authority. Letter B, yes, they have the authority but they don't have the legitimacy since they gained their power through force. Letter C, no.
They don't have the authority because they gain their power through illegal means. Or letter D, no. They don't have the authority because they don't have the capacity to rule.
The correct answer for number 5 is letter B. Yes, they have the authority but they don't have the legitimacy. Since they gained their power through force. That ends our discussion for today.
I hope that you learned something from our topic. I hope that you were able to understand an introduction on the topic for politics, on the topic of governance. I am Sir Edward and this ends our topic for today.
I hope that you've learned something from today's topic. If you find this particular topic useful and... insightful, or you learned something from this particular lesson, please like this video and please subscribe to my YouTube channel.
Again, this is Sir Edward Noda. See you again for our next topic for UC SP class with Sir Edward. Please stay safe, please stay healthy, and stay productive.
Goodbye.