hello and welcome to our missouri compromise and corrupt bargain lecture so today we're going to be looking at how slavery changed by 1819 or so and how the missouri compromise reveals sectional tensions we'll also be looking at in what ways the nation became more democratic in the 1820s and what the consequences of those changes were as well as what issues or events led to jackson and van buren founding the democratic party and who supported them so this is just to review from last lecture during the era of good feeling there was only one political party the democratic republicans however some of the same political battles were fought within that party that had been fought between the two parties of the first party system the democratic republicans and the federalists so within this big umbrella of the democratic republican party there were two major factions the first was the old republicans and they retained the original views of the party as it had when it was founded by jefferson and madison so they're they like a limited federal government they don't like a lot of federal power more power to states or what you might call the state's rights argument they do get a lot of support from southerners they blame the panic of 1819 on the tariff of 1816. so they want freer trade they want fewer tariffs uh and taxes that sort of thing which they think is going to make a stronger economy so more of a hands-off approach from government on the economy the second faction the national republicans had come to embrace the american system of the u.s bank tariffs and federal funding for internal improvements roads transportation and eventually communication projects so national republicans signifying that they like a strong federal or national government they embrace that american system they mainly blame the panic on europe and they think that more protective tariffs is going to be a good thing because it'll keep uh different regions of the united states economically dependent on each other instead of on other nations so we've got these two very different sets of views but we're all in one big party one big happy party uh the democratic republican party now before 1800 rice and long staple cotton were geographically limited to the coast you had to grow them close to the coast because they required expensive investments in special machinery dikes and labor and they had to be near the coast because of the amount of water it takes to grow these things upland or short staple cotton could be grown in more places you didn't need to grow it next to the coast but its seeds were very very sticky and it got caught in the short fibers of the cotton it was very hard to turn short staple cotton into commercial cloth because of those sticky little seeds now if you've never felt raw cotton before cotton is actually most closely related to okra so it's kind of a similar texture but cotton fibers are somewhat sharp if you rub them through your hands you will cut yourself on them so that's the kind of sticky sharp fibers you're trying to get these sticky seeds out of and it's just not an easy thing to do but this problem was solved by eli whitney's cotton gin which easily removed those seeds from short staple cotton so we're going to play a little clip here i'm going to walk you through it this is an old school roller gin so this is what they would have for that long staple cotton and it works pretty well you can see them there that's going to remove the seeds from the long staple cotton pretty easily and then spit out some nice fluffy cotton on the other side this is what happens when you put short staple cotton in a roller gin it just gums it up the the fibers are too short the seeds are too sticky it can't remove them and this is eli whitney's cotton gin and of course gin is just short for engine so you see the brushes kind of pushing against each other just spinning that cotton fiber through these multiple turning brushes and it will split the nice fluffy cotton out the back here so there you have it so the cotton goes in here in between all those brushes and it spits the cotton out here and the seeds are gone i've also posted that video clip for you down below if you ever just want to review that without me talking over it so short staple cotton didn't require expensive machinery or drainage systems it didn't have to be grown on the coast and all you needed really was a cotton gin or engine to remove the seeds after the 1794 invention of the cotton gin the production of short staple cotton boomed now it required continuous tending throughout the year it's kind of similar to tobacco in that way and it made it well suited for slave labor the linkage of cotton and slaves was at the heart of the plantation system that spread westward but we need to define some terms here when we talk about plantations or these large slave labor camps we're talking basically about farms with at least 20 enslaved people being forced to work and unlike yeoman farms planters who own these plantations did not work the land themselves they have enslaved people or maybe hired hands along with enslaved people doing that labor they are not working in the fields themselves the plantation system started in south carolina and georgia before moving into the old southwest think alabama and mississippi and eventually even further into louisiana and then even further west than that into texas plantations or slave labor camps became the leading economic institution in the lower south and flanters were the most prestigious social group in the south fewer than five percent of southerners were in the planter class though but they controlled 40 percent of the enslaved uh people in the south so the average kind of lifestyle for a white person in the south is not in the planter class it's not on one of these plantations but pretty close to the average enslaved experience is on one of these big plantations about 40 percent just because they have so many enslaved workers plantation districts of the south stifled the growth of towns and ministry they didn't need those things but it was hugely profitable for planters the average rate of return of an on investment in an enslaved person was about ten percent per year profits relied on an enormous demand for cotton which grew about five percent each year from 1800 to 1850 so that's a really steady increase and people think this is a very safe investment the southern u.s slave economy provided england with 77 of its raw cotton and france with 90 percent of its and demand was so great that in the 1850s even though southern production of cotton doubled prices held steady normally when your supply increases at such that a rate like that the the prices will start to drop but the demand was so high that they just couldn't keep up with it the expansion of slavery in the 19th century contributed to the growing political differences between the south and west compared to the mid-atlantic states along with new england so let's take a look at what that really looks like i've got radialcartography.net pulled up i'll also drop the link on the canvas page for you and this is what the nation looks like in 1790 shortly after the founding that blue color you see is zero percent of the local population enslaved purple is 10 red is 25 percent this kind of orangish color that's coming up is 50 percent by the time we get to white we'll be at 75 percent of the population being enslaved and yellow is actually 95 of the local population was enslaved so here's 1800 just shortly after uh the invention of the cotton gin not seeing too much of a jump yet by 1810 we are definitely spreading west at the same time that the north is getting rid of slavery gradually 1820 still expanding west and we're seeing more and more of those hot spots in the deep south that are either yellow or white meaning between 75 and 95 percent enslaved there's 1830 right louisiana is lighting up south carolina and to georgia you see the mississippi river going to 95 percent enslaved by 1840 there's 18.50 we're starting to get to some texas spots on the map there especially the sugar plantations and by 1860 you can see here the sugar plantations uh just kind of south of houston now and today would be fort bend county sugar land texas are lighting up there with 95 of local population enslaved and then of course the civil war happens and slavery is banned and the whole thing goes back to blue so i'll run through that real quickly 1790 1800 just watch this fill in the map to the west as slavery spreads west after the invention of the cotton gin and there we have it so as we've just seen as slavery spread west across the united states it ended up further west and further north than anyone really expected it to go before the invention of the cotton gin missouri was part of the louisiana purchase that was initially assumed to be inhospitable to slavery so here's louisiana like modern day louisiana the state we're talking about missouri which is roughly this region but as slavery expanded west slaveholders moved to missouri and they gained political power there and they sought admittance to the united states as a slave state the missouri issue increased long simmering northern resentment over the spread of slavery northerners resented the three fist claws and the south's outsized power in both the house of representatives and the electoral college they resented southern control of the presidency because of that and sectional tensions did away with the founders so-called gentleman's agreement to just not talk about slavery because we know it's an issue that could tear the nation apart missouri forced congress to discuss what limits the federal government could constitutionally place on the expansion of slavery so if you remember back in the earlier lectures just after the constitution we talked about the fact that congress banned slavery in the northwest territory but allowed it in the southwest territory so we do have a history in which the the us congress has the power to ban slavery in a territory missouri at this point is still a territory so that is on the table and yet a lot of slave owners in missouri would be very unhappy if that is the way the country went there was also an even balance of free and slave states in the u.s and in the senate where each state gets two representatives with an equal number of free enslaved states but free states had a decisive majority in the house because they had so many more people than the south did despite the three fist calls that gave them extra representation over what they really deserved so southerners feared what would happen if free states ever outnumbered slave states if they kept 50 of the senate by having an even number of free enslaved states they could block anti-slavery legislation even if a majority of americans really really wanted that anti-slavery legislation so it becomes kind of important that southerners have a vested interest in undemocratic functions of the government because full-on democracy and a country where most people aren't slave owners and most people don't like slavery or the idea that it would expand into new areas is a bad thing if you want to continue owning slaves and expanding it importantly into new areas so southerners consider the ballots in the senate to be crucial for the future of slavery and they want slavery to continue in february of 1819 james tallmadge democratic republican representative from new york introduced an amendment in the house that would have banned missouri from importing slaves in the future and it would have enacted gradual emancipation for anyone already in missouri so basically applying kind of that northern gradual emancipation idea to missouri so northerners are trying to stop the expansion of slavery into the west they want that land for white yeoman farmers who are going to work the land themselves even if they have you know hired hands or enslaved people working with them but white yeoman farmers can't compete with these massive slave labor plantations that don't have to pay their workers so these people don't really care about slavery where it already existed they don't really care about enslaved people either they don't want slavery to spread west because they think the best thing for white farmers in the united states is to have access to that land and not have to compete with slavery so the talmadge proviso created a storm of controversy within a two-party system voting followed sectional lines which led to a stalemate in congress so it wasn't like having a republican versus a democratic thing today where even if you didn't really agree but you were a democrat and the democrats said we really need you to vote on this like you have a you know reason to maybe vote on that in a big one-party system if you were in a slave state you voted against it if you were in a free state you voted for it the talmadge amendment passed in the house which of course was dominated by free states because they have more people but it was repeatedly blocked in the senate which was evenly divided between slave and free states southerners argued that the talmadge amendment was unjustified federal interference with a state's rights to have slavery and legally protecting the institution now of course missouri is not a state yet so it's still very much under the federal government's jurisdiction and the problem with this argument is there is a precedent for the federal government blocking slavery in a territory which we just talked about that northwest territory in 1787 and it was no issue that that was done by congress which at the time was made up by the founding generation northern senator rufus king of new york argued that congress was well within its rights to require the restriction of slavery before missouri could become a state southern senators argued that northerners denying missouri's choice was an attack on the principle of equality among the states they said it showed northerners were conspiring to upset the balance between the two sections now of course they're talking about this as if there's two equal sections where there's a lot more people in those free states and they don't want slavery spreading west so these southerners express concerns about the future of slavery they fear the future of white racial privilege that goes with slavery if slavery is ended and southerners spoke about secession leaving the united states basically declaring war on the u.s uh if missouri was not allowed in as a slave state and this stalemate this just not being able to figure out a solution to this problem persisted all the way through the next session of congress so proceed to the next part of the lecture page to learn about the missouri crisis and how it almost started the american civil war