Overview
This lecture introduces the basics of sociology, covering its definition, key characteristics, and historical development, with emphasis on its relevance and growth in Indonesia.
Definition of Sociology
- Sociology comes from "socius" (society) and "logos" (science), meaning the study of society.
- According to Max Weber, sociology studies social actions involving at least two people.
- Soemardjan defines sociology as the study of social structures, processes, and changes (e.g., caste systems, economic levels).
- Soerjono Soekanto states that sociology examines society as a whole and relationships within it.
- Sociology focuses on social life, phenomena, and structures.
Characteristics of Sociology
- Empirical: Based on observation and facts, not speculation or guessing.
- Theoretical: Builds theories from concrete findings and observed phenomena.
- Cumulative: Uses and improves upon existing theories, adapting to new conditions.
- Non-ethical: Describes social facts without judging them as good or bad, analyzes underlying reasons scientifically.
History and Development of Sociology
- Until the 19th Century: Sociology emerged following the Industrial and French Revolutions; Auguste Comte coined "sociology" to address social chaos, earning the title Father of Sociology.
- 20th Century: Sociology expanded beyond capitalism and feudalism to address modern issues like social interaction and migration, resulting in "modern sociology."
- In Indonesia: Sociology was first taught in 1934-1935 as a supplement to legal studies, became more established after independence, and is now a required subject from junior high through university.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Sociology — Science studying society, social structures, and social phenomena.
- Social Action — Actions involving more than one individual, influenced by others.
- Social Structure — The organized system or arrangement within society (e.g., class or caste).
- Empirical — Based on observed and factual evidence.
- Theoretical — Related to the development of theories from research.
- Cumulative — Built from a collection and evolution of existing knowledge.
- Non-ethical — Not involving moral judgments, focusing on objective explanations.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review and understand the four characteristics of sociology.
- Prepare questions for discussion in your next class.
- Read about Auguste Comte and the impact of the Industrial Revolution on society.