Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Technical issues with logging in and echo problems.
• Recording of the session is enabled.
• Students encouraged to unmute and ask questions or use chat.
• Focus on course objectives for the exam and Activity 1.

Course Objectives & Chapter Overview

• Study Guide: Chapter objectives should be the main study guide.
• Resources: Essential to read the textbook and view videos by Dr. O.
• Exam Preparation: Pay attention to images, tables, and captions in the textbook.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbes

• Microbes in Food: Use of bacteria and fungi in food preservation and flavor enhancement.
• Historical Causes of Sickness: Pre-microscope beliefs included punishment from gods and bad air.
• Key Figures:
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: First microscope for bacterial level.
  • Louis Pasteur: Pasteurization and vaccine development.
  • Robert Koch: Koch's postulates linking microbes to disease.

Microbial Classification

• Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes.
• Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes:
  • Prokaryotes: Archaea and bacteria, no nucleus, simple cells.
  • Eukaryotes: Includes kingdoms plant, animal, fungus, and protist.

Scientific Naming

• Format: Italicized scientific names; underline if italics unavailable.
• Microorganism Types: Bacteria, protists, fungi, viruses, and prions.
• Archaea vs. Bacteria: Differences in ribosomes and cell walls.

Study of Microbiology

• Different Areas: Bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, parasitology, virology.

Chapter 3: Cell Theory & Structure

• Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells; cells come from other cells.
• Historical Context:
  • Hook, Schleiden, Schwann, Remak, Virchow.
  • Endosymbiotic theory by Lynn Margulies.
• Germ Theory Contributors: Semmelweis, Snow, Pasteur, Lister, Koch.

Prokaryotic Cell Structures

• Shapes: Cocci, bacilli, spiral.
• Arrangements: Diplo, strepto, staphylo.
• Cell Wall: Differences in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
• Other Structures: Nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, inclusion bodies, endospores, membranes, glycocalyx.
• Transport: Passive (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated) and active transport.

Chapter 5: Eukaryotic Microorganisms

• Parasites: Protozoans, modes of reproduction (asexual, schizogony, sexual).
• Diseases: Malaria (Plasmodium), dysentery (Entamoeba), giardiasis (Giardia).

Fungi

• Types: Yeast (single-celled) vs. molds (multicellular).
• Structures: Hyphae, mycelium, dimorphic fungi.
• Cell Wall: Chitin; Ergosterol in membranes.

Chapter 10: Genetics

• DNA & RNA: Structure, replication, transcription, translation.
• Mutations: Types and impacts.
• Horizontal Gene Transfer: Importance for bacterial evolution.

Activity 1: Genetics Practice

• DNA Replication: Semi-conservative, DNA structure.
• RNA Transcription: Complementary base pairing.
• Proteins: Role of enzymes in metabolism.

Operons

• Lac Operon: Example of gene regulation.
• Gene Transfer: Horizontal vs. vertical transfer.

• Exam Preparation: Understand key processes, structures, and historical contexts. Be familiar with the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and the role of microbes in disease.