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Introduction to Human Body Basics

Jul 16, 2024

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Human Anatomy and Physiology - Unit First

Introduction to Unit Chapters

  • Three Main Chapters:
    1. Introduction to Human Body
    2. Cellular Level of Organization
    3. Tissue Level of Organization

Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Body

Topics to be Covered:

  1. Definition and Scope (Anatomy and Physiology)
  2. Levels of Structural Organization
  3. Body Systems
  4. Basic Life Processes
  5. Homeostasis
  6. Basic Anatomical Terminology

Definition and Scope of Anatomy and Physiology

  • Anatomy: Study of structure and composition of various human body organs
  • Physiology: Study of the function and operation of human body organs
  • Scope:
    • Understanding of structure and function
    • Normal health parameters (such as temperature, blood pressure, etc.)
    • Pathology, surgery, and body movement
    • Histology (study of tissues)

Levels of Structural Organization

  • Six Levels:
    1. Chemical Level: Level of small molecules and atoms
    2. Cellular Level: Unit of cells
    3. Tissue Level: Group of cells
    4. Organ Level: Organs made up of groups of tissues
    5. System Level: Systems made up of groups of organs
    6. Organism Level: Formation of all systems together (human body)

Body Systems

  • 11 Major Systems:
    1. Nervous System: Control by brain and spinal cord
    2. Respiratory System: Respiration through lungs
    3. Cardiovascular System: Circulation of blood by heart
    4. Digestive System: Digestion of food
    5. Urinary System: Blood purification and waste excretion
    6. Reproductive System: Reproductive system
    7. Integumentary System: Skin and exocrine glands
    8. Muscular System: Muscles
    9. Skeletal System: Framework of bones
    10. Lymphatic System: Immune system
    11. Endocrine System: Control by hormones

Basic Life Processes

  • To differentiate between living and non-living
  • Life Processes:
    1. Metabolism (catabolism and anabolism)
    2. Response to stimuli
    3. Movement
    4. Growth
    5. Differentiation
    6. Reproduction
    7. Digestion
    8. Excretion

Homeostasis

  • Definition: Maintaining the body's internal environment in balance with the external environment
  • Process:
    • Internal environment remains constant with the external environment
    • Controlled by neuroendocrine mechanisms
    • Sensor, control center, and feedback system
  • Feedback System:
    • Positive feedback (increase)
    • Negative feedback (decrease)
    • Example of body temperature control

Basic Anatomical Terminology

  • Dividing the body into three parts:
    1. Direction (superior/inferior, anterior/posterior)
    2. Sectional plane (sagittal, transverse, coronal)
    3. Body cavity (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic division, dorsal cavity)

Summary

  • Introduction and study of basic concepts of the human body in Unit First
  • In the next chapters, detailed discussion on the cellular level and tissue level will be carried out

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