hello and welcome to this mini video on the external and internal respiration as well as cellular respiration I find that students often have a hard time with the formulas what's going on where it's happening so I wanted to do a little mini video where you could follow along yourself with a piece of paper so I invite you to get a piece of paper it doesn't matter how big but to draw this out on here this is going to be our framework for writing keep in mind that I will be zooming in and doing formulas here so you probably want a bigger piece of paper rather than a smaller piece of paper so please pause the video here and fill out what you see on this page hopefully you are finished now so we're going to be able to go into a bit more detail at everything first what I'm going to do is show you kind of what all this means so here is a picture of the alveoli so we have a bronchioli here and then for alveolus so alveoli we're just keeping it very simple like this because we're going to be showing the gas exchange and here's going to be our pulmonary capillary so this is going to be extracellular fluid that it's the gases are able to move between and on this side you can see a dotted line through here this side is going to be our lung side so our pulmonary capillary this is going to be the pulmonary arterioles that come into the pulmonary capillary and then the pulmonary venules going back towards the heart so we're just going to use a little bit of imagination here that it's going to go to the heart now it's going to go into our systemic circulation and now it's going to go to some body tissue it doesn't matter which one it happens at all of our body tissues so you can even think this is going to my big toe so it could be going into your big toe arterioles and then to your systemic or your big toe capillary bed okay and it could go back towards lung this way through a venule but this side is going to be our internal respiration and this side so maybe our external respiration and on this side you'll see three circles with spots in them hopefully you can recognize that this is a very simple drawing of cells with a nucleus okay and so we have extracellular fluid here and this is our tissue okay and our tissues we see cellular respiration so that's kind of how this is done out you're using your imagination a little bit okay so first we're going to go really small in the middle here we can see that I've said conditions so we're going to look at the conditions at the lungs and the conditions at the body tissues so I'm going to zoom in a little bit more so some conditions that we see at the lungs this might be a little thick let me just make it smaller so at the lungs we're going to see that it's a cooler temperature so this is going to be 37 degrees Celsius and we're also going to see that the pH is going to be a little bit more basic or alkaline this is going to be 7.4 now to compare it to that of the body tissues we see that it's slightly warmer temperatures at 38 degrees Celsius and we see our pH is slightly more acidic at 7.3 okay so I think what we're going to do is we're going to start with external respiration and we're going to move our way over to internal respiration and cellular respiration so what we're going to do first is let's do our exhalation okay so we're going to start at the top here just to kind of keep it organized a bit so I'm going to zoom in just to show you where I am at the very top here and I'm going to put a one you can ignore what this one means for now I'm going to come back to it later but we can actually see that we have our bicarbonate ion in order to notice that I use different colors as well you might want to use the same so I've been using glues for all my carbon dioxide because that's our deoxygenated blood color and I'm going to be using red for oxygenated blood I also will use purple for an enzyme and also some black okay so we have our carb bicarbonate ion and we're going to see that at the lungs it's going to react with hydrogen ion to form our carbonic acid okay so our carbonic acid is going to then turn into our carbon dioxide and water and it's going to do it with the help of Carbonic anhydrase so it forms water Plus carbon dioxide I'm going to put a box around this because it's going to be moving out okay first I'm going to put in my Carbonic anhydrase and this is found in our red blood cells so I'm going to put RBC for short remember that our enzymes are not used up in the reaction so that's why I'm putting it along the arrow okay so now we have carbon dioxide this is what we want to have in our lungs because we're wanting to exhale it so it's going to diffuse out of our pulmonary capillary into the extracellular fluid it's then going to move up and into the alveoli so we're able to exhale it which is going to move through our bronchioli through our bronchi out through our trachea out through our uh mouth and into the environment okay so we have one way that carbon dioxide is moving at the lungs to go out of our body next we're going to look at another way that carbon dioxide was transported to the lungs which is the carbomino hemoglobin I'm going to write the full name on the other side but this side is going to run out of room so I'm just going to say the name and the formula for now and we'll write it out on the other side so our carbon Amino hemoglobin is going to then disassociate in order to create deoxyhemoglobin Plus our carbon dioxide this is the prod final product we want this is also going to diffuse out of our pulmonary capillary I'm just going to join it up there okay and next the Third Way is dissolved carbon dioxide so a small amount of this is going to be dissolved as carbon dioxide itself which is going to also diffuse into our extracellular fluid and out through our alveoli okay so something else that's happening at our lungs is that we're breathing in we're inspiring or we're inhaling so this is our oxygen that's coming in so our oxygen is going to diffuse down and it's not necessarily going to do it like this it's going to come to wherever it is closer to and it might be going around the same spot as carbon dioxide but a little easier for us to read when we do it this way I'm just going to hold that line there for a second because I'm going to write a couple more steps that's going to involve our oxygen coming in so if we look at our hemoglobin we also have hemoglobin that's called a reduced hemoglobin hhb and this is going to break down into our deoxyhemoglobin Plus our hydrogen ion so this hydrogen ion we actually already saw where it's used so I'm just going to use a little dotted line it's going to look a little messy but it actually comes up and reacts with our bicarbonate ion to form our carbonic acid so that's where that comes from which is pretty great and then this deoxyhemoglobin is going to come down here and it's going to react with our oxygen so this is going to diffuse across into our capillary so we have our oxygen okay and then this is going to form our oxy hemoglobin even though I've written three different ways of carbon dioxide up here and only one of oxygen we have a lot of oxygen moving in this way so I'm going to do three arrows just to show you that even though we're only writing one formula for this it's happening a lot okay so we can see what's moving in and out and external respiration so all of these formulas Happening Here this is all external respiration okay we have our three different ways that carbon dioxide is moving up to the lungs by our bicarbonate ion our carbon Amino hemoglobin and our dissolved carbon dioxide and we also have our oxygen that's making its way to our systemic circulation to all of our body cells so we're going to then move on over to this side so now I'm at the other side they've moved over we have our oxyhemoglobin coming on over here so I'm going to write that down right here so hbo2 this is where I'm also going to write out what their names are oxyhemoglobin and this is going to give rise to you and so these are all just the opposite equations we saw on the other side okay so our oxygen is going to diffuse out into the extracellular fluid of our body tissue so I'm just going to come over here because I wrote that pretty small on that side and I'm going to put an Arrow showing oxygen moving in here we're going to show it going into all the cells because that is exactly what is happening okay Zoom back in we're also going to see another reaction happening right here which is going to be our hydrogen ion plus r deoxyhemoglobin which is going to react together to create hhb and I'm going to put a box around it I'm just going to put an arrow up and this means that it's now going to move up towards the venial side of the capillary and then up towards to the lungs which we will see the reaction that we did before so this is reduced hemoglobin we were able to see this come from here okay so now I'm going to go all the way to the top of this just to make it a little easier to write and we're going to see that oxygen is moving into our cells because at the tissue so in each cell we have something called cellular respiration that's occurring so we're going to write out the formula for cellular respiration at the top here so the first thing that it's going to use is glucose which is C6H12O6 this is our glucose and it's going to react with I'm going to change my color 602 this is our oxygen and then this is going to so these are two subscripts substrates this is going to produce six carbon dioxides it's going to create six water and the whole purpose for this is the 38 ATP and remember that this is energy this is of our body's energy source okay this is the most important part of it this is why we are inhaling exhaling is to create energy and it's also why we eat why we need our glucose so this is creates our energy so that's how we see that oxygen is going into our cells of the tissue because it needs to undergo cellular respiration and then we're going to see that one of the products is carbon dioxide let me zoom in a little bit more so carbon dioxide is coming out because it is a product of carbon or cellular respiration in our tissues Okay so we're going to diffuse it into our capillary and we're going to say it put a number three underneath this one I'm going to come back to these numbers so this is going to be dissolved carbon dioxide gas CO2 we actually use a little tiny G to show that it's in gas form we're going to put a box around it and an Arrow showing it's now good to go and it's going to move towards the lungs we're going to move down to our second cell we're going to diffuse our carbon dioxide into our systemic capillary or we were using a big toe capillary as an example we're going to put a number two underneath here so here we have our carbon dioxide and it's going to react with HB and this is our deoxy hemoglobin and it's going to form our hbco2 and this is called our carbo Amino hemoglobin we're gonna put a box around it and put an Arrow showing that this is how this carbon dioxide is going to get transferred so we saw that carbon dioxide is transferred by just being dissolved in the blood and it's also getting moved by our deoxyhemoglobin which is now called carbon Amino hemoglobin once it is bound to our carbon dioxide and finally this one which we're going to diffuse over oh I forgot my two a very important difference CO2 is very different than CO2 um carbon dioxide I don't know diffuse this over so we have our carbon dioxide change color here plus water so this is going to do with the help of Carbonic anhydrase turn into c2co3 this is carbonic acid sorry my pins in a DOT so Carbonic anhydrase which we can write again is found in our red blood cells so this forms carbonic acid so it's not actually the acid that moves around because this is going to disassociate into hydrogen ion Plus r bicarbonate ion so we're going to put a box around it it's going to move to the blood and I'm going to name it bicarbonate ion and this is a buffer so it's a buffer because it can donate a hydrogen because it has one or it could take up an extra one and become a carbonic acid so it can move between but it's really important that we have this bicarbonate ion to maintain the pH okay so when we look back here we can see that a couple more things this moves down here and forms with deoxy hemoglobin and this deoxyhemoglobin will look a little messy goes all the way up here so we can see how these are all related to each other everything works together okay so now I'm just going to go down to this very small Corner down here and I'm not just write a little note about these numbers okay so the numbers are based on a mount of carbon dioxide transported so we don't have one and one's going to stand for the most carbon dioxide transported so that's greater than number two which sum of the carbon dioxide is transported I don't want to say like much much much less is our third which is Trace Amounts so what I'm going to do now is now that we know what these numbers mean I'm going to go back and kind of go the opposite way that we did the first time just going back and explaining everything again so cellular respiration cellular respiration happens at the tissue where we take glucose plus oxygen as our substrates which turns into carbon dioxide water and ATP specifically 38 ATP and this is our energy of our body okay so this is why we respirate we're trying to get oxygen so that we can create this process so this is happening in our tissue this is represented here so we have oxygen going into our cells and carbon dioxide as the product coming out so carbon dioxide is going to diffuse across most according put the one in there most of our carbon dioxide is going to be transported as the bicarbonate ion okay this is formed by carbon dioxide reacting with water with the help of the Carbonic anhydrase enzyme to create carbonic acid which will disassociate into hydrogen ion plus the bicarbonate ion the hydrogen ion is going to work with our reduced hemoglobin to create reduced hemoglobin which will go up this is one way for our blood to be able to balance our pH if we have too much hydrogen ions then we're going to get too acidic okay so next way that we transport carbon dioxide is by carbon Amino hemoglobin and this is when our carbon dioxide bonds with our deoxyhemoglobin in order to create our hbco2 and then very very very little amounts will diffuse over it as dissolved carbon dioxide gas that will just go as is and this is going to move towards the lungs so this is internal respiration with our carbon dioxide diffusing into our capillary and also our oxygen which is pretty small down here diffusing into our extracellular to our fluid which will then move into our tissue cells so our oxygen is going to form when it is released from oxyhemoglobin to form deoxy chemochromin plus oxygen and this is happening a lot I know in this it looks like wow so much is happening with our carbon dioxide but really a lot is happening with here we need equal amounts so of oxygen in order to produce equal amounts of carbon dioxide so now if we move over to our external respiration so one most of it is brought over by our bicarbonate ion which is going to react with our hydrogen ion that's forming from our reduced hemoglobin and this is going to form our carbonic acid which is going to be with the help of the enzyme Carbonic anhydrase create our carbon dioxide which is going to diffuse into our ECF and into the alveoli and out of our bodies next is our carbon Amino hemoglobin which is going to disassociate partially due to the pH change so on the external respiration it's going to change so hemoglobin is going to really really want oxygen whereas on this side due to having a lower pH it's going to denature just the tiniest bit not enough to actually stop its function but what it's actually doing is creating a different Affinity here there's going to be an affinity to release our oxygen and take up our carbon dioxide so the opposite happens here again carbon dioxide diffuses out and then very very little amounts of our dissolved carbon dioxide is just you know diffuse radon out into our extracellular fluid and into our alveoli we also have our reduced hemoglobin now disassociating into our hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin and hydrogen ion and this deoxyhemoglobin really wants oxygen when it's a pH of 7.4 and it's slightly cool so it's going to take up oxygen and it's going to move our oxygen as oxyhemoglobin and is going to move through the pulmonary capillary through the pulmonary venules through our heart through to our aorta into all of our body tissues so hopefully that helps you understand kind of what's happening between external internal and cellular respiration about the different conditions and all those tricky formula that you saw if you have any questions about this please don't hesitate to reach out to your teacher