Transcript for:
Understanding Systems Analysis and Design

okay good day to all of you so we're already going to start our first chapter but before that i want to give credits to the instructional materials that i'll be using it is owned by course technology and the authors are shelley and rosenblatt and the book is based on systems uh the material is used is based on systems analysis and design book so let's start with chapter one introduction to systems analysis and design the following are the chapter objectives first is discuss the impact of information technology and business strategy and success then define an information system and describe its components explain how profiles and models can represent business functions and operations explain how the internet has affected business strategies and relationships and then identify various types of information systems and explain who uses them distinguish between structured analysis object-oriented analysis and agile methods then compare the traditional waterfall model with agile methods and models and apply five basic guidelines for systems development discuss the role of the information technology department and the systems analysts who work there so let's start of course with an introduction so as you can see and the pictures on the right so we have this news with regards to information technology so companies use information as a weapon in the battle to increase productivity deliver quality products and services maintain customer loyalty and make sound decisions alright for this first statement in the presentation companies nowadays in this digital age and digital um information age it is very impor important for companies to have the information but even though for example there is a company that owns all of the information in the world but do not know how to use it and utilize it properly then actually it will be rendered useless so how this companies identify to use information um when were that's the very important when are you going to use the information and how are you going to use the information actually uh this is an emerging trend or already an emerging field nowadays we have the so-called data analytics so data analytics is very important for all companies because um data analytics uh they provide insights into which uh companies uh what what this companies uh will use information in a particular place in a particular time in particular market so in relation to data analytics um i don't know if all of you uh know this i hope that you will take certification courses related to data analytics because that is the very good um field um almost all of the companies are employing data analysts in order for them to win the battle with regards to their operations so actually there is one we have this project sparta um uh by the dost and um development academy of the philippines and it is free so with regards to certification i know you already finished your data analytics course but i do hope that um you take the opportunity of taking certifications i'm not saying you have to spend money but there are also certifications that are free such as the projects asparta since you're already a third year it's very important that as early as today as early as now you start to have certification so that when you graduate and apply for a job you already have certification and you already have an advantage or an edge compared to your competitors in the job in the job so i hope that uh don't just think of the present but think of your future start investing now by means of investing now it's not again you're not going to spend money there are many um certifications available and there are free certifications so i hope that you would grab the opportunity specifically for data analytics uh next information technology can mean the difference between success and failure actually information technology its infrastructure the id infrastructure is very expensive companies invest a lot companies invest a lot of money for them to have the id infrastructure in their company so because it's very expensive if you cannot utilize it properly or maximize its capacity and and all of its features then actually it will be a failure especially on the financial side of the company but if you um maximize it um and use it properly and then uh actually having an iep infrastructure is an advantage for a company then it will be a successful um for the company uh and it's worth it that companies invest iit infrastructure even though um it is very costly uh next is the impact of it so what is id short again for information technology it is a combination of hardware and software products and services that companies use to manage access communicate and share information so with regards to information technology so we have the future so three issues that will shape the future first is changes in in world or in the world actually it's very evident now because of the covet 19 pandemic it only not affected the philippines but actually worldwide so that's already a very good proof that changes in the world um sometimes it's not just with one country but it happens globally and then also changes in technology oh why example saints of the because of the pandemic uh we are doing this um asynchronous uh teaching and learning or the synchronous teaching and learning so that's why what we are using is we we're having or we're acquiring platforms that could support the the conduct of an uh non-face-to-face interaction with students so that's why the companies with video conferencing apps of course there are refining their software so that it can meet the demands and the standards that a university or an academic institution is looking for and then also changes in client demand um nowadays because of um nowadays up it it's already proliferated of having um online classes or the non-face-to-face transaction webinars so that's why the client demand with regards to internet connectivity is higher so so now because of that um of course our internet service provider must ensure that we are we are getting the worth of our money with their services because i really don't know currently but again in asean region philippines has one of the most expensive internet connections so i hope that this will change specifically nowadays that most of the transactions are held online so next we have the systems development so business information systems are developed by people who are technically qualified business oriented and highly motivated of course if we said uh if we have this business information systems it helps the business uh processes to be executed um in a very good way so those who will develop this business information system they should be highly technically qualified or highly qualified and then why highly qualified because business uh information system is very important in a company specifically if it is the heart of the operations of the company and then it is uh the people are also business oriented of course uh they're building that information system to solve a particular problem in that business process and of course they're also highly motivated of course in the job it's very important that your employees are highly motivated at work so that they could produce best results specifically in developing information systems and then these people must be good communicators with strong analytical and critical thinking skills and specifically these persons are called systems analysts so it's very important that there are good communicators in either written or oral and at the same time we have analytical strong the adjective is strong analytical and critical thinking skills okay for us for you students so we have to develop at least these two things you should be a good communicator in either written or oral and at least you have this skill set of analytical and critical thinking so it's very important in this course alright next we have the systems analysis and design or we called it sad but i hope you're not sad emotionally but be happy so sad is step-by-step process for developing high quality information systems and one of the actors in the systems analysis in design is the systems analyst so the systems analyst plan develop and maintain information systems so because of his or her role in the systems analysis and design it is very important that he or she possesses the good communication skills with strong analytical and technical critical thinking skills alright next is how this information systems uh develop so first is we have the in-house packages or in-house applications so in-house application it is done if there is an iep department in a company and then this id department is the one who developed information system needed by that company so that's an in-house another good example so it's clearer is our university our university has their own i.t department it is called ict services office and the ones that we are using such as the online enrollment um your grades the portal actually these are all in-house applications it is done by the ict services office uh hi nexus we have the software packages software packages and this is possible for companies that do not have an i.t department for example you have a furniture industry and you want to have an inventory system for your um for your company is it correct that you're going to call one of your uh for example carpenters and then let them sit in front of the computer and hey do the inventory system of uh of the furniture company so it's not correct and in the end and he will not do it or maybe uh actually maybe actually he will never really do it because he do not know how to upgrade the information system so our first option if your company does not have an id department is you should acquire or procure software packages specifically for example in our furniture company we have the for inventory system and the nexus we have internet-based application services so software packages um they can be standalone they can they can operate without an internet connection well the internet-based application services and this are services offered online by companies of course it requires an internet connection what you're not buying the software here but you are paying for the services and then we also have the outsourcing so outsourcing is again we have a furniture company and then another option aside from the software packages is you can do the outsourcing outsourcing is employing a third-party company and then let them create the information system that is needed by your company so outsourcing we have insurance offshore in shore for example here in the philippines if it is in shore the company is only located in the country while the offshore the company is located in other parts of the world so that's the difference between the insure and offshore outsourcing and then we also have custom solutions custom solutions um there are also software packages and internet-based application services the only difference is that if you say it is custom meaning um you can buy the software package but then you uh there is a feature that you can modify the features of your information system based on the needs of your company or which uh which information system does your company need and then we also have the enterprise-wide software strategies so this are software that is integrated in all in one specifically for large companies for example there is for sales for financial for accounting for the executive for the decision support for the transaction processing systems they are all connected so that is the enterprise-wide software strategies so nowadays for developing information system is it is a matter of how than what nowadays uh next is we have this information system components so let us define system it is a set of related components that produces specific results and the next is a mission critical system is one that is vital to a company's operations or mission critical the the key word here is vital to a company's operations okay let's have an example an example of a mission critical system is the transaction processing system for example in a supermarket if they don't have the transaction processing system how can they um uh how can they um efficiently uh do the transaction processing if they don't have such system so actually uh this is an example of a mission critical system and then data consists of basic facts that are the system's raw material so data actually data and information data is not yet refined and then information is already a refined data and then information is data that has been transformed into output that is valuable to users for example we have number nine actually number nine is data because you don't know what is number nine is that a date is that age is that any number that represents something if it does not have anything just the figure for example number nine it is only data but if you presented nine years old so it is understood that the number nine there it is already an information because it's pertaining to the age and then information systems have five key components we have the hardware software data processes and people so let's delve into this five in from uh these five components of the information system first is the hardware it is the physical layer of the information system uh in your i don't know in high school hardware is any tangible parts of the computer okay and then we have the so-called more slow so what is more slow if you're familiar or not familiar with moore's law so moore's law is um the components of a hardware is uh dub uh doubles every 18 months or 1.5 years this is very evident in our storage devices okay for example you have 256 gig and then after 1.5 or 1.5 years or 18 months it will double its capacity and also the processors it's also evident in processors it doubles every 18 months it's transistors so that's the more slow and the next component is we have the software so we have the system software so the system software is composed of the operating systems utility software and then we also have the application software this is composed of course of the specific purpose applications such as for example powerpoint presentation example in your phones the games actually that is already an application software and then we also have this enterprise applications as i've said with the soft enterprise software this are an integrated array of software that is used by the companies in different operations or different offices okay we have this some classifications of software okay we have this so-called horizontal system the term horizontal system means you it is an information system that is common to most of the companies example um if your company um has products to be um to be counted to be inve to be uh put in inventory so you need an inventory system so actually an inventory system is an example of an a horizontal system because it can okay for example it can be applied to a university inventory of books inventory of laboratory equipment inventory of other resources and then it can also be used for example in other companies that needs inventory management so that's at the horizontal system what is the vertical system vertical system this are in for this are information systems that can only be applied to a specific operations uh and it is not applicable to oil a very good example of it is the airline uh reservation system why is it a vertical system because it only applies for a for for system but do you think an airline reservation system be applicable for a um for a university so no definitely not because the university doesn't have of course an airline or an airport so that's an example of a vertical system again a vertical system you cannot apply it to all companies it is only for a specific operation and then we also have the so-called legacy systems these are information systems by the term legacy meaning old okay so um these are information systems that are still existing because if they will transfer to a newer information system it can jeopardize the data integrity uh that uh that the company is holding is holding example of a legacy system for example in banks there are still banks that are still using old systems uh they cannot uh they cannot sacrifice because it's no they cannot sacrifice the data because for example in banks their data is very important so that's why they're still sticking to the legacy systems uh maybe their um their interface is already new but then again the uh the core of their um information system they're still using the legacy systems and then next we have the data so they are tables stored data so later on why why is it uh data are stored in tables because it is also used in databases they are actually stored in tables and linked tables work together to supply data in data design you will see why these tables are linked so that's why because of this linked tables database is very powerful all right next we have the processes describe the tasks and business functions that users managers and it staff members perform to achieve specific results of course these are your business processes so for example what are the step-by-step procedure in order for um for you to transact for example in the sharing office in the registrar's office uh the way we are teaching that is already our processes and then we have the people so people we have the stakeholders uh actually they're not the owners but they have an effect to the uh information system and then we also have the users or end users examples of people in the is components okay nexus we have understanding the business so we have this business process modeling um we have this term modeling meaning you're going to use diagrams in order for you to explain the business process because sometimes it is difficult to visualize a process if it is not in a diagram and if it's only written in a step-by-step procedure for you to identify where are the loopholes of the process and then it is also very important to identify the business profile and then we have the business models so for business models you have to include for example the business models the diagrams and then the you should also know what are the business processes and then we also have the business process for engineering or bpr what uh what is this business processor engineering for example you you identified a certain problem in that business process and then after identifying that problem you have to think of a solution of how to solve that particular problem in that business process okay we have the new kinds of companies we have this production oriented so production oriented of course these are the production companies the semiconductor companies and then we also have the service oriented so service oriented one of the examples of service oriented of course is teaching we are offering our services by means of imparting knowledge to students so that is already a service oriented and the next we also have the internet dependent these are companies that exist only only in um their operations are are run or it's only working if they have internet connections examples of this are the application services that are that are offered by uh some of the um software companies and then we have the dot com these are uh companies that operates online and then brick and mortar brick and mortar is a term used for physical stores oh example sm moles it is a brick and mortar because there is a physical store is lazada can be classified to as a brick and mortar company no because they do have the warehouse but they do not have this um unlike sm that there is already actually a physical store lasada actually is a dot com and it operates online okay so that's the difference with the dot com and brick and mortar okay next is impact of the internet uh the impact of the internet specifically in business transaction uh from customer to customer um it becomes tool um too broad or they have many channels now for the uh transacting business so we all we have this e-commerce or the i-commerce internet commerce and we have the b2c the business to consumer so meaning a consumer will transact uh will have a transaction with the business and then we have the b2b or business to business so business to business uses electronic data interchange and then they have the software that uses extensible markup language examples of b2b is supply chain management for example this uh for example a supermarket um has already low stocks so they would talk to a supplier so actually a supplier is also a business entity so that's why it's a b2b business to business and b2b also exists in supplier relationship management or the srm okay for supply chain management is sem okay next is we have the business information systems in the past id managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the system served we have the office systems so the office system is um these are the productivity tools that are used and then we have the operational systems actually this is very important so operational systems mostly are all of all of them are mission critical systems and then we have the decision support systems if there are any problem that arise and it needs a decision you could consult the dss and then we also have an executive information system it is a dashboard for executive or managers to see the whole operations of the company if it is doing well or they can easily identify the problems uh by means of a executive information system has a dashboard alright today identify a system by its function feature and features rather than by its users so we have the enterprise computing systems again by means of enterprise this is an integrated software solution needed by a company and it encompasses all the operations of the company and then we have the transaction processing system example of dps is example in the supermarket the one with the bar code so that's already a tps and then we also have the business support systems more of business support system is technical support and then knowledge management systems this includes the documentation the procedures on how to do uh something and some of the information with regards to the company and we have also the user productivity systems so these are tools that are used to uh for example for people to collaborate people to work uh these are office productivity office productivity tools fall in this user productivity systems okay first is we have the enterprise computing system it support company-wide operations and data management requirements and then it has the enterprise resource planning and many hardware and software vendors target the enterprise computing market why why this hardware in software vendors because enterprise computing systems because it is already integrated a one-stop solution for the company in all of its operations it is very expensive and but if you're going to use it uh you're going to invest in that and then and it will be utilized exactly in very good fashion so there will never be a problem for the enterprise uh high nexus we have the transaction processing systems involve large amounts of data in our mission critical system as i've said earlier it is efficient because they process a set of transaction related commands as a group rather than individually so we have this example of a sales transaction so what are this uh what are some of the sales transaction process that can happen verify customer data check credit status post to accounts receivable check in stock status adjust inventory data and update sales activity file and this uh transaction related commands are included already in the sales transaction processing systems you don't need a separate um information system or a separate software for verifying customer data and all other processes for uh related to sales transaction all right next we have the business support system provide job related information to users at all levels in the of a company so it's also included here is we have the technical support and we have the management information systems it also includes the radio frequency identifications or the rfid and then this business support systems answers the what if questions all right next we have the knowledge management systems these are also called the expert systems and why they are called expert system it's because they simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and inference rules so many knowledge and management systems use a technique called fuzzy logic so fuzzy logic i mean logic specifically in digital logic for example we have zero one so zero is associated with off and one is associated with on for fussy logic example we have an adjective for hot and cold example associate code with zero and associate hot with one um in fuzzy logic we have a value for lukewarm so that's actually lukewarm is not very hot and not very uh it's not very hot so that's why it's called lukewarm so that's the the idea there with fuzzy logic it's not specifically one or zero but they also have values for uh for for example for lukewarm that uh that that can represent the the lukewarm status okay next we have user productivity system so technology that improves productivity so this i group where so google docs is a very good example of a group where because you can use it you can edit any documents simultaneously so for example in your research course example if you're uh if you're in a facilitator or your professor is requiring you to submit and you can do it at the same time assigned groups and you can simultaneously edit the document and the nexus we have the information systems integration most large companies require systems that combine transaction processing business support knowledge management and user productivity features so most of these systems that want this information systems integration it is already found in the enterprise software solutions next is what information do users need okay so we have this hierarchy okay at the lowest bottom we have the operational employees the next is the are the supervisors and team leaders then middle managers or knowledge workers and tap managers okay as you can see operational employees in a pyramid or in a cone shape they have the largest largest space because of course operational employees are the largest set of employees in an organization while of course of course top managers of course they're at least in number can you i is there a company existing that there are many managers and few operational employees that's impossible because operational employees are the ones working physically okay don't say that top managers are not working operational employees are tired physically while top managers are tired mentally and it also affects them physically and then we have this um illustration the division for the business function so these are the common or the most common business functions we have the sales accounting human resources marketing production in information technology so for example this operational employee this one is for information technology and then this uh division is for the sales so that's the um organizational levels and then based on the business functions of course for the information for example for marketing they only uh what are the information that they need they do they need the information from the accounting no because accounting is more of the financial uh financial side or financial information so marketing will only focus on how to how to motivate the client how to pursue the client of um having the services or products of their company and then for sales of course they're only concerned with the sales they don't care about the human resources so that's what what what we mean that um in a certain business functions strictly a particular office only accesses the data or the information that is relevant or that is related to their work they don't care about the other information that these offices offices uh have uh right nexus we have the systems development tools so that's why as i've said to clearly visualize the business processes they are doing models they're doing diagrams they're doing graphs so we have this modeling so we have many types of modeling we have the business model the requirements model the data model the object model network model and process model actually we're going to tackle study specific models the requirements the data the object and process in the later parts of our course okay nexus we have this term prototyping so prototyping the product of prototyping of course is a prototype it speeds up the development process significantly so the the focus of prototyping is functionality it doesn't care with aesthetics but it's long it is it it is functional you can consider it as a prototype and then important decisions might be made too early before business or i.t issues are thoroughly understood it can be an extremely valuable tool for a prototyping because you are concerned with functions and then every time uh for example you have a monthly meeting in which every month you're going to show the improvements of the prototype um if you're having this prototyping as a development tool it's easier for you to change because it's still a prototype if ever there are feedbacks if there are suggestions and comments you can easily change but if you already presented this on an end product and then the users or the stakeholders have suggestions with regards to the prototype it actually is not a prototype anymore it will be hard for you to to change it or to modify based on the comments feedbacks and suggestions of the stakeholders or the end users so that's why prototyping as i've said can be an extremely valuable tool all right next is we have the computer aided systems engineering or case tools also called computer aided software engineering and and then these are called case tools can generate program code which speeds the implementation process aside from they can make diagrams they can also generate program codes and if for example if you are inclined to programming uh nexus we have the structured analysis we have the systems development lifecycle or sdlc okay it's predictive approach because systems development life cycle has faces in which you can follow you can you will know what what will happen next and then uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically so this one that you're seeing is a data flow diagram so we will be studying how to create this diagrams and then it is a process centered technique and then a very good example for the structured analysis is the waterfall model a waterfall model actually um it is not used by uh by by most of the companies because there is advantage for using waterfall model because you cannot return to the previous phase unlike with other systems development methods they could use they can return to previous phases example if there are feedbacks from the stakeholders or the end users okay for structured analysis we have this deliverable or end product so the disadvantage in the built-in structure of the ldc because the waterfall model does not emphasize interactivity among the faces that's what i've been telling that if you uh if you are in the next phase and then there is a feedback or there is a feedback or suggestion or comments you cannot return to the previous space and then this criticism can be valid but you can still follow the waterfall model if the sdlc faces are followed too rigidly and then adjacent faces usually interact so the sdlc model usually includes five steps we have the systems planning systems analysis systems design systems implementation and system support and security let's delve to this um uh steps of the sdlc first is the systems planning so the systems planning phase excuse so systems planning starts with a systems request so begins the process and describes problems or desired changes so systems planning starts always with a systems request it's either excuse a certain a certain user um notice a problem and then report it to the systems analyst or specifically an i.t department discovers a problem that affects the business processes smooth execution so we will have this systems request and then the purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary investigation why do you need to have preliminary investigation is this problems that that is noticed or observed or seen by for example a systems analyst are they really visible or are they really worth doing for example of developing an information system so you need to have a preliminary investigation so key part of preliminary investigation is a feasibility study of course if you're going to have a systems request it it can encore cost so that's why you have to make sure if this problems or if these problems are sold will it dramatically improves the performance and the efficiency of the business process so part of it is the feasibility study okay next we have the systems analysis the deliverable is the system requirements documents for systems analysis you already identified the problem as if a feasible that visible and based on the feasibility study it should be solved right away so you need to delve further you have to study the processes you have to model it using diagrams and model it in the old business process and model it to the suggested solution and then if you did if you do that we have the deliverable the system requirements document nexus we have the a systems design so deliverable is system design specification so management and user involvement is critical so for systems design why is it important that management and user involvement and not just the iit department in the systems analyst is involved it is because of course the managers they are the stakeholders they want that this uh specifically if an information system it will cost the company a lot of money managers must must make sure that this information systems are really worth it and then of course why are usually involved involvement is critical because there are the ones who will who will use the software if they're not comfortable of using that software even if it's very very very highly a programmed by the most uh intelligent or the best programmer around the world but if the user uh is not comfortable of using it then again it will be useless and it will only affect the performance of the user of you uh by uh from using the information system next systems implementation new system is constructed and then it will be tested if it is if it is compatible with the um hardware of the company in the i3 infrastructure and the next we have the system support and security a well-designed system must be secure of course it must not be um easily hacked or the data is easily be accessed by outside uh uh by outsiders and it has also be reliable maintainable and scalable scalable meaning you can add features to the information system without affecting its performance without affecting its functions uh holistically and then most is need to be updated significantly or replaced after several years of operation so that is why it is called systems development life cycle um if already the information system is not anymore um doing its job of performing because of cli uh changing client demands changes in technology again it will reply it will uh start again with the system's request and the cycle repeats on the systems development life cycle a high nexus aside from structured analysis we have the object-oriented analysis it combines data and processes that act on data into things called objects so object is a member of a class and then objects possess properties and then methods change an object's properties so we have this okay so instructor and student is member of a of person okay so uh instructor inherits the properties of person and also the student name address social security number so that they are called inherited properties and then they have their unique properties for example for the instructor the office location of his telephone and they tired while the student has their own unique properties major gpa advisor and we can get rule on data design or rather object-oriented design for this types of diagrams archinext is for the object-oriented analysis a message requests specific behavior or information from another object there is a message for object-oriented analysis and then this will be elaborated on there's a dedicated chapter for the object-oriented analysis and then usually follow a series of analysis and design phases that are similar to the sdlc and it is an interactive model there is a question for example if you use a programming language actually using a programming language can determine if you're if you're going to use a structured or if you're going to use object oriented if you if your programming language is object oriented definitely your goal you should use the object oriented analysis not the structured analysis okay nexus another type of systems development methods is the agile methods these are the newest development it emphasizes continuous feedback it is iterative by nature repetitive in nature iterative development so agile community has published the agile manifesto and it is a spiral model example of agile methods is the scrum xp programming pair programming agile means uh agile is in tagalog it's malik c so that's the term for agile so you're going you are creating a systems development uh for example in uh example of agile methods is developing a website web web information system why is it categorizes agile methods because as you can see um web development is iterative in nature and then you can already see what uh what is uh what your website looks like and then you're just going to add to improve the website that you are doing and then agile process determines the end result so other variations and related methods exist as i've said these are the scrum and extreme programming or the xp actually there are many other agile methods available you can research that in the internet so analysts should understand the pros and cons of any approach before selecting a development method so that's also the work of the systems analyst he or she must identify and understand the nature of the systems development that they're going to do based uh what what what type of systems development method they're going to use so that i said if you are using an object-oriented programming language definitely the systems development method that you're going to use is object oriented analysis if you're going to make a website of course you are going to select from one of the agile methods and then there are other development methods such as joint application development we also have the rapid application development and then might encounter other systems development techniques because of course technology is very fast-pacing there are other system development techniques that are that are um incorporated are are included and then we also have the rational unified process or the rup and the microsoft solutions framework these are other development methods used so uh msf is used of course by microsoft all right systems development guidelines okay if you're going to develop you would always have a plan so develop a project plan next is involve users and listen carefully to them because as i've said users are the ones who's going to use the system you must design specifically the user interface based on the preferences of the user not on the preferences of the programmer or the systems analyst next is use project management tools to identify tasks and milestones or management tools such as gun charts work breakdown structure birth cpm and the next is develop accurate cost and benefit information how much and who will benefit the uh who will benefit if the information system is finished and of course remain flexible it is very important because of course there are risks there are uh there are times that you're going to adjust the schedule or you're going to adjust the resources so for systems development we are all we should always be flexible okay next is we have a illustration of an information technology department so for an id department we have the director and then this are the uh common uh job this uh job descriptions or people inside a typical inform id department we have the application development system support and security user support database administration network administration web support and quality assurance okay next is we have the systems analyst actually systems analysis is not included let's go back actually this he or she's not included in the it department so responsibilities they translate business requirements into iit projects actually the uh systems analysts are bridged in the business side in the technical side so what are the knowledge skills and education needs technical knowledge that's what i've been saying systems analysts must have the technical know-how of things and then they have strong oral and written communication skills so that oral and written communication skills so since we are uh the subject systems analysis and design one of my objectives is i do you do already have the technical knowledge but this one's oral and written communication skills is part of the 21st century skills you have to develop that because it's very important nowadays they're not just looking for person who's very good in technology or in technical i have a technical ability but they're also looking for persons with soft skills and then they have the analytic ability an understanding of business operations so that's why aside from the technical know-how they must understand they're very good at analyzing the business operations and of course they have the critical thinking skills so that's why it's very important nowadays that again you're not just very good at your field but you are developed holistically you're very good in oral you're very good in written communication skills and then certification we have important credentials but this is what i've been um pointing out since the beginning of this chapter that nowadays certifications are very important this are uh evidence has improved that you already have that skill uh gone are the days that you are uh word by mouse that you are the best you are referred as the best uh in your field no the company are looking for evidence and one of them of them is the certification for a particular skill so i've again since um also as your class advisor i hope that grab certifications that are available online that are free instead of i'm not saying that um do not waste your time in playing games as i've said as i've said um i think it's the third time i don't know if i said it when you're first there and when you're in last sem but then again the game is just there uh actually i myself i'm also i'm a gamer i've been i am playing this game for two years non-stop there are only days that i cannot play specifically for example i went to a place that there is no internet connection so i i don't have i'm not going to spend data for that game i'm just always for the free resources for playing games it's not bad for of course all work and no play makes a person dull so you need to have for example a recreation for you to be um to to relax there's no problem with that but then you must allow time for it if for example if it's time for work of course you should work not if you're going to play games all day and then all of the time is already spent on gaming um the game is always there but the opportunity the time for you to acquire these certifications that that's what i've been saying so that if you are ready on the applying for a job it will be easier for you because you already have a certification and i hope you're you're going to take the certifications not just because for the additional grade point that you'll receive but then think of it as for your investment in for your future okay what are the career opportunities so for systems analysts it's also very important so the job titles actually is the systems analyst and company organization most uh companies with i.t and most of the included in the forbes list of top top 500 companies they also have they need the systems analyst and then the company size of course it depends upon the size of how many systems analysts are needed and then corporate culture actually all of the companies have this so called corporate culture and of course as employees you need to you need to abide by that you need to follow that so-called corporate culture and then of course the salary education and future growth so of course that's rd career opportunities for that is also included in the systems and a list okay so we're already at the end for the chapter summary it refers to the combination of hardware and software resources that companies use to manage access communicate and share information the essential components of an information system are hardware software data processes and people successful companies offer a mix of products technical and financial services consulting and customer support and then is identified as enterprise computing systems transaction processing systems business support systems knowledge management systems or user productivity systems and an organization structure includes tab managers middle managers and knowledge workers supervisors and team leaders the iit department develops maintains and operates a company's information systems systems analyst needs a combination of technical and business knowledge analytical ability and communication skills and then systems analysts need to consider salary location and future growth potential when making a career decision so we're already done with chapter one and then if you do have any questions so i'm going to provide a discussion forum so that you'll feel free if you do have any questions and clarifications with regards to chapter one then again good day