what we do here just go back back hi and welcome mr. dramas AP World History this is chapter 20 worlds apart the Americas and Oceania this chapter presents the evolution of complex societies in the Americas and the Pacific Islands up through the 16th century isolation and varied resources led to a wide range of social structures from simple hunting and gathering to settled agricultural villages to the highly complex urban societies like those of the Aztecs in the Incas common aspects of these societies include the following first they were isolated from one another and from the cultures of the eastern hemisphere second metallurgical technologies were not developed although the peoples of Mesoamerica and South America mined gold and silver third there were few domesticated animals the llama and the alpaca of the Andes Mountains being the notable exceptions and as a result no wheeled transport and finally they lacked a written language the Aztecs had mathematics precise calendars and a symbolic system of record keeping but no formal written literature the Incas kept accounts with khipu a system of knotted cord study of these societies is limited by the lack of written sources the earliest accounts of the Aztec and Inca come from the Spanish conquerors and missionaries and are distorted by their prejudices nevertheless these accounts plus oral traditions and archaeological evidence make it possible to describe the societies in some details all right so first up we have the states and empires in Mesoamerica and North America societies have limited in no contact with Africa Asia and Europe this is before a time which we're gonna study very soon called the Columbian Exchange Christopher Columbus sails the blue ocean in 1492 and after his discovery of the new world he then discovers that there's a whole different set of animals and plants and just different stuff all on the western hemisphere that's separate from the eastern hemisphere the last time these two groups of people being from the western and eastern hemisphere had interact with another one another was back when we still had the land bridges that were used by our way way way way back in Chapter 1 ancestors that had walked across from probably north eastern Russia all the way over to the northwestern states of Alaska in the you know states they then would spread out and disperse southward across the American continent of North and South America and that became the Mesoamerican peoples that we're going to talk about now because of this there wasn't really a lot of similar things that we had seen in Europe as we look at Europe and Asia and the eastern hemisphere we start to notice there's some patterns there's metallurgy there certain types of religious systems that spread there are ideals and art and architecture all those things kind of diffuse from either Europe or Asia or Africa depending on what we're talking about outward along the trade routes such as the Silk Road or Indian Ocean trade because of this there isn't a lot of records that we have especially because there wasn't written records in the Western Hemisphere from the meso Americans some of what we have you'll see a little bit later is more pictorial almost like drawings kind of like hieroglyphics in a sign in a kind of way of describing their calendar systems and their religious systems but in reality they're we don't have a ton of Records up until really the Spanish conquistadors and the other Europeans show up and start to write down and transcribe some of the information that mean case however there are some exceptions there was a brief presence of Scandinavians in Newfoundland Canada we have some archaeological evidence that they got on big boats some of those northerners from northern Europe got on boats and kind of went all the way over to basically what we would call Canada today wandered around for a bit and then like left we're not a high percent sure why they left maybe they were a raiding party that just kind of decided there wasn't much here so they left or they just kind of slowly realized they weren't going to work out a settlement here so far away from their homeland so they went home but there was some brief presence of those Scandinavians some Asian contract contact with Australia which we'll talk about later as some of the like peoples in the South Pacific actually got on boats as well and migrated by doing some sort of island to island kind of sailing and the Mesoamerican period Mesoamerica in period of war and conquests is that's what it really is dealing with all the way until the 8th century here's a map of some of the empires we're going to talk about we're going to talk about the the Aztec empire really here and some of the Toltec and a little bit of where the Maya Empire was before there's a toltec and astok empires between the years 950 to 1520 seee there's a close-up view of Quixote no stinkin we'll actually have a little audio clip in a minute to kind of help us figure out how to say that but yeah it's pretty much right around a lake and the Aztecs were really good as being able to interact with their environment in a way that allowed them to farm and create a pretty large Empire in that area first up we have the Toltecs their regional states in central Mexican Valley they had religious and cultural influence of the collapse Tino Tino teach lon and there was intense warfare this these pictures on the right shows some statues of their warriors that they had carved during their time of civilization the Toltecs migrated from Northwest Mexico and settle at Tula which is near modern Mexico City kind of in the center of modern-day Mexico urban population in the cities was probably 60,000 another 60,000 was in the surrounding rural areas they had subjugation of surrounding people's nearby and their civilization was destroyed by internal strife and nomadic incursions round 1175 seee so they kind of pop up on our radar and disappear fairly quickly next we get to another group called the Mexica one of several groups of migrants in the mid 13th century see they had a tradition of kidnapping women seizing cultivated lands they settled in around 13 45c and Mexico Denobulan which later will become Mexico City the way they were able to solve the problem of being able to create a large amount of Agriculture for their peoples was that they used a very specific type of agricultural technique which you probably should kind of put a little star ball star by which is called Chiapas which is dredging soil from the lake bottom to create fertile plots of land now if you think about how a lake works a lake is a large body of water that is trapped in land and it doesn't really get a lot of change in the way that the the bottom of the lake is structured except for when like leaves land on the lake and they kind of rot they disintegrate and their their particles go down to the bottom trees might fall into the lake dirt will fall into the lake animals might die and like their bodies will end up in the lake specifically fish end up dead in the bot and they float to the bottom and as those things decompose just like manure or just like composting as we do today those minerals and nutrients become kind of this this like really high really rich nutrient filled mush that's at the bottom of the lake now the Mexico were really smart and that they were able to figure out that if they took some of that dirt and they were to use it for their farming the the nutrients that are saved down in the bottom of that that muck really actually allows the plants to grow better because in the same way we talked about manure and composting it really creates fertile plots of land I was able to look on YouTube for some creative commons kind of stuff and I found this little video that maybe will help us understand a little bit about how their chien APIs actually worked the key to the proper functioning of the chinampas was water management the canals of the chinampas enabled drainage of the spongy wetland soil during the rainy season and thus reclamation of the land during the dry season water could infiltrate each chinampa from the canals and the poorest to not the soil received a continuous supply of water irrigation was needed only during periods of drought with this abundant and self-regulating supply of water and rich soil the chinampas own was a self-sufficient economy until well into the 20th century an average family land holding of one half an acre provided a multitude of crops building materials animal products fish and waterfowl with ample surplus for market she Napa's were constructed in two ways in marshy areas ditches were dug around rectangular pieces of land piling the mud on top to create the chinampas in shallow lakes the building of a chinampa required seven steps first using a long pole a suitable base for a chinampa was located in shallow water wherever possible the remains of an old chinampa called a cementum were used second strong reeds were stuck in the bottom marking the dimensions of the base most chinampas were about 300 feet long and 30 feet wide third mud was dug from around it and piled on top of the reeds and asiento fourth mats of water vegetation were cut and towed to the new chinampa fifth a compost heap was created by layering the mats of vegetation on top of each other until there was a thick cap of vegetation six mud from the bottom of the lake was mixed with soil from an old chinampa and placed on top reaching a height of about one foot above the water level a porous base rich in organic matter was thus created through which water easily flowed lastly the sides were secured with woven reads and then willow trees Salix poem plan Deana were planted around the edges willows planted hundreds of years ago can still be seen in the chinampa zone that survives today on the southern edge of Mexico City the willow roots grow very fast and deep so they don't compete with crops for soil nutrients nor interfere with cultivation and because they have a very narrow shape they don't shade crops either but they do provide protection from frost and wind as well as nesting sites for birds and other pests predators in addition the willows are the community's major source of construction materials and firewood yeah so that's my fun little creative commons available super pixelated video on how to nap us work next up we have the Aztec empire New Mexico develop a tributary relationship with the surrounding Empire people's by the 15th century now remember tributary means that the people who are nearby basically provide a tax system for the main empire within its borders or nearby so for example if you live in a small village nearby the Aztec empire once a year there would be heralds or some sort of person to come by collect the taxes based on however much land or how much people or whatever the kind of system they had set up and you would pay a percentage in taxes to that Empire in exchange they would protect you and also not come in burn down your village so this was kind of a nice situation for the Aztecs during this time but it also helps to support the larger area as a whole there are some leaders we need to kind of know is it's a quota between 14 28 to 1440 and Montezuma or Montezuma the first he lives from 1440 to 1469 rules from 1440 to 1469 and the ESIC empire is known for a few things one of them is which is the stone calendar that's on the left-hand side that was fairly accurate for being one that really didn't have access to the literature of the eastern hemisphere in terms of observing the planets or the stars they joined with Texcoco and talc open to create the aztec empire during this time now here's mexico society there was a hierarchical social structure high stature for soldiers as a pictured here on the right we have a picture of a commoner or a knot or a normal person working their way up in the hierarchy of warrior classes and so if you start at the top left you can see a man in a boat and you see him just doing his normal stuff and as he's able to progress it kind of gives instructions on how being a valuable warrior and being successful you would be given different types of adornment or some sort of valuable things that you could wear that distinguished you as part of a different class of people than you were previously mainly these soldiers were drawn from the aristocratic class there were land-grant given as a result of successfully being a soldier or being a very valuable soldier there are food privileges often more food there were some to weary privileges which really is that whole being able to wear a certain type of clothing as is a part of your class of people you were you were and there was also a personal adornment so to give you kind of an example of what this looks like a little bit we've talked a little bit before about the Etruscans in the past and I've talked to you about the royal purple it was made from crushing up hundreds of little seashells to get this very deep purple and it was very unique in that as you kind of dyed cloth with this purple the more that you had the cloth and the longer you had the cloth the more it was in the Sun the more brightly colored it would become there's also a similar thing in the sumptuous in other cultures specifically Korean with the Etruscans you could only wear the purple if you were Noble with the Korean one some you have different colors that denote specific titles within the royal family like there was yellow for the Empress and she was the only one allowed to wear that and then a more European example we have Queen Elizabeth the first and having the ability to wear only certain types of furs as part of the noble class and in all these cultures if you were caught wearing something you weren't supposed to be wearing for your class there would be different number of punishments resulting from that one could be fines and oftentimes public humiliation but it could even lead up to death because you would be impersonating someone who you're not and that could cause lots of havoc within a society next we have Mexico women as of course we've talked about before there is pretty much a patriarchal structure for their society there was an emphasis on childbearing specifically for the idea of breeding future soldiers to protect the society the mothers of warriors were especially praised for their ability to provide warriors to the society and again here's another little picture thing where they talk about the difference between boys and girls on left hand side you have a young boy being born or being accepted into the society there's like a fire smoke ritual it looks like and then on the right hand side you can see some more common tasks that we associate with women such as a mother kind of instruct on how to either clean with a broom or to plant you see on the third picture that the mother is instructing the daughter on how to kind of prepare food as there's like a vase with water and some sort of like bread or cake that she's making and then finally in the final picture you have the mother instructing the daughter or young woman on how to weave cloth or to create textiles using rudimentary loom priests in the Mexica society masters of complex agricultural ritual calendars they had to be well-versed because there wasn't a written language so these priests were very integral in to understanding when there was going to be a celestial event when there was going to be a celebration what days the gods need to be placated on with sacrifices and this all had to be done through basically a series of pictures and speech spoken word and this couldn't be really passed along without any with that without any writing and they provided ritual function specifically sacrifices they were able to read omens they advised the rulers as we've seen before in other cultures and occasionally became rulers themselves depending on the situations there were cultivators and slaves the communal groups were called carpooling originally their kin based or family relationally based they had management of communal lands that they shared collectively there was a work obligation on aristocratic lands meaning that the people would be forced every so often to go and work on those arrests aquatic lands for farming purposes as being part of their social class so for example let's say you were a farmer living in a small village nearby well maybe once a year you would have to go for like a couple like weeks off to an aristocrat land and you would have to help them farm and that would pay part of your social responsibility think of it kind of like a work tax for the ability to be protected by the aristocrats or be part of that society as a whole there was a slave class mostly we know it has debtors people who owe debts to one another they worked as slaves and children were often sold into slavery as they were seeing as not really a burden but a set of hands that could be rented out as a part of the family and then eventually they would be returned to the family the Mexican religion influenced by indigenous traditions from the Olmec period they did play that ritual ballgame we've talked about before there was a solar calendar 365 days which is unseemly accurate for a group of people that basically don't do not have access to modern telescopes and had a very rudimentary understanding of the universe and they had a ritual calendar which overlaid on top of that 365 days of 260 days it was not however as elaborate as the Maya calendar but still being pretty accurate for its time we get the Mexica gods we had I'm gonna try that ok sick bleep oka the smoking mirror yeah I'm calling that on the right hand side the more black figure he was a powerful god of life and death he was the patron god of warrior so if you were a warrior you probably would pray to him for a good battle and then we have okay here we go it's a quarrel the feathered serpent on the left he was the god of arts crafts architecture and then we have one of my favorite people what's still D yeah these names aren't saying 14th century popularity he was the patron of the Mexica meaning he was the god of the Mexica kind of like um in the same way Athena was the patron goddess of Athens and Mars was the patron god of Sparta the both those cultures represented the gods represented what they valued or look towards its blowpoke Julie he yeah he was the patron saint of the Mexica they would pray to him as being like their protector there was an emphasis however on blood sacrifices as a result of his patronage and that's where we get to the ritual bloodletting there was more emphasis on human sacrifice than predecessor cultures the Aztecs were known for their violent use of human sacrifice specifically now not all sacrifices that were made as a result of human sacrifices were a person dying or the gods there is one occasion in your book it talks about how on the rededication of a temple they had killed about 8,000 people as a result of that but many sacrificial victims just had the tips of their fingers torn off before death there were ritual wounds for example eventually there would be for example these victims the Mexica criminals or captured enemy soldiers would have like their chests opened up with their hearts removed we would have in the personal rituals the piercing of the foreskin of the penis when which the blood would be spilt out onto pieces of some sort of parchment or paper or something that it would be collected and then put into a fire then there was also the piercing of earlobes there are pictures of the the Mexica piercing their tongues to get the blood to flow the idea was closely related to what we've talked about before with blood as being kind of like the water of humans and as the same way the land needs water humans need blood and by making the blood of a human flow and offering it to the gods the gods would see the sacrifice as a valuable expression of honor to the gods and they would then continue making the crops grow and the sunshine and the birds sing and everything that the world needed as long as these bloodletting rituals were performed thanks krazee picture peoples and societies of the north so now we're going to move north of the Aztecs and the Mexican to a few groups we have three specifically the Pueblo and Navajo societies pictured in the top right with the lady and the baby it was in the American Southwest they did Mays farming or a very pre early predecessor of our modern day corn was eighty percent of their diet by 700c construction a permanent stone or Adobe dwellings is 125 sites we've been able to discover in this American Southwest then we go over to the Iroquois people picture down there at the bottom they were known as a confederacy as we would call them today they were settle communities in the woodlands east of the Mississippi there's the mohawk the Onondaga the Oneida the Cayuga the set and the Tuscarora those were what we would call like American Indians which is kind of a weird term to still use today indigenous peoples Native Americans is very common in Canada many of the native peoples are called First Nations who were there before you know the settlers the European settlers that we'll talk about in a bit then we get mound building peoples we don't know a ton about them we just know they built some pretty awesome dirt piles that are still seen as monumental for their time they were ceremonial platform summer home summer burial grounds it's near chai hoga Lake mounted near Mount there's a big one near East st. Louis built somewhere between 900 to 1250 seee it's a unesco world heritage site for its uniqueness in that they move so much earth and kind of structured in such a way there's a picture here of a serpent mound near Ohio and you can see it just has a very specific and we're not 100% sure why they did it but it's a very specific type of creation to the mound trade for all these people in of the Americas there's no written documents that survived regarding northern cultures the archaeological evidence indicates widespread trade however that we were able to find things that were in places from far away river routes were probably exploited during this time people get into boats rode the boats or go with the current and they would take their trade up and down those rivers specifically those like in the Mississippi area they would go up and down the Mississippi River they would also go off into smaller branches of the rivers and this is how they were able to trade during this time however we don't know a lot about what they did to trade states and empires in South America can go now very far south no writing before the arrival of the Spaniards in 16th century CE II unlike the Mesoamerican cultures writing from the 5th centuries okay archaeological evidence reveals and DN Society from the 1st millennium BCE and there's development of cities around 1000 to 1500 C II so this culture had been going along for a pretty long time before the coming of the Incas after the placement of the shoving the mochi societies there was a development of an autonomous regional states in the Andean South America so like we've talked about before when there isn't a large powerful centralized government that's able to oversee a large area or even a regional area there would be a breakdown into autonomous regional states or smaller governments either run as a part of a clan or run as part of a tribe or run as part of a communal group and they would be replacing those centralized or Imperial or Empire like governments we have the Kingdom of Chu Seto near Lake Titicaca yes border of Peru and Bolivia they had potato cultivation now potatoes are awesome the thing I really love about potatoes are go back to our first chapter where we talked about calorie counts potatoes can be mushed into kind of like a paste and saved for a very long time they're very rich in calories and nutrients if you think about it you can really child out on a potato but not too many of them whereas some of the peoples like if you ever been to Chipotle there's a you know that corn doesn't really fill you up if you don't have some of the other stuff on your plate in your in your burrito there was also the herding of llamas and alpacas those are probably the largest mammals or largest animals in the Western Hemisphere up until the arrival of the Europeans we'll talk about that more when we get to get to the Columbian Exchange but yeah that would have been one of the limiting factors for having really any kind of carts or having any kind of trade that would be able to move large amounts of goods we then have the kingdom of Chi mu or Chi more it's along the peruvian coast capital of shan shan next week it's an inca empire from the valley of cusco refers to people who spoke kitc language there's a settlement around Lake Titicaca mid 13th century they had a ruler named hutch who she who ruled from 1438 to 1471 he is a expander of their territory and it pretty much includes parts of modern Peru parts of Ecuador Bolivia Chile Argentina so for being a culture that isn't really big on the ability to move goods over a large amount of a large amount of goods over a large area for a group of people that pretty much reside in a very mountainous region of the world they're able to sustain their population to about 11.5 million and be able to keep the the continuity or the the the power of the Imperial state as a result of the Inca Empire over parts of what is today multiple countries so that in suggests us as historians that these people were pretty much really advanced for what we would consider during this time compared to say some of the know more North American groups that were more a smaller tribal and kin based groups here's the Inca Empire you can see how much it spreads it's all that orangish red area now as you look at this map one of the things are going to notice is it's very narrow along the western coast of South America and you're gonna say okay so they were able to maintain this Empire they were able to feed this Empire but it seems like that's a large amount of ground to cover say if something bad was happening somewhere or there was a need for supplies or goods or something going on how did they do it well we'll get to that and a little bit but we're first gonna look at the Inca administration and quipu the Incas ruled originally by holding hostages and colonization when we talk about Japan or I can't remember if we actually talked about in Japan the idea was you hold hostages and you basically say the people are gonna live with me in the main Imperial Empire and in the main Imperial City and one of the things that will happen is if your people down in the South kind of get online we might kill these people we're gonna treat them really nice and we're gonna make sure that everything's taken care of for them but if you all get out of line we're probably gonna end up killing them so you as a good villager would make sure that your your tribal leaders wife doesn't get killed you just keep doing what you got to do there was also colonization which they sent out people where they would say hey you guys in this village you now are under our protection as the Inca Empire and we would come fight bad guys for you but we're also gonna ask that you pay taxes and that you let us grow things here and kind of run your your village now sometimes work sometimes it didn't know writing which is kind of complex for such a vast empire but they did have something called khipu which is a system of from the chords and knots called key people if you look in the background that's some key poo that we were able to find and it was used as a monic aid some of you know mnemonic aids as being useful in your studies of math or science or whatever for example you remember learning back in elementary school about how to remember the directions as never eat shredded wheat or never eat soggy waffles for north north north east south west yeah that one or the mnemonic aid of PEMDAS please excuse my dear Aunt Sally for order of operations in math well this mnemonic aid works similar to that except for is a physical thing here's how it would kind of work let's say you were a keeper of khipu all this quarter not you would start on one end and you would probably pick a colored strand that helped you to remember something for example let's say you picked orange which represented the number of people living in the first house outside your door or outside the temple and as you were able to count from there you would see that okay it's this long so that means it's the male or the dad and then the second trend would be the wife which has no knot in it and then the number of children for that house and then as the color's changed it would talk about maybe animals or maybe something else that was a importance to your record-keeping as a bureaucrat or a ruler if you look very closely like right there in the red box you will see that some of them are shorter representing something that were not 100% sure on but it had a very deep significance and then there were also color changes as for example over here by this purplish blue black cord now even though we can't read it in the same way if I said to a kindergartner you know please excuse my dear Aunt Sally or PEMDAS they don't have a clue what that why that's important or why they need to know that information it would be important to somebody who's studying the order of operations for math someone who looks at this khipu and has no idea what it represents might go okay it's a bunch of cords to hide together but to a person who was a bureaucrat skilled in understanding what the quipu represented and meant that would help them to administer their kingdom or their region or their empire or their tribe or whatever for the time being pretty unique and special then we get Cusco it was a capital of the Inca Empire here's some ruins nearby it the residents were high nobility there were priests those hostages I talked about one of the interesting things is we know that they actually had gold facade on their buildings which meant that outside of the bricks and the stone they actually had figured out a way to cast gold well gold is relatively soft and be able to kind of manipulate but they were able to put it on the outside of their buildings that were of high importance pretty interesting Inca roads so we talked about before how do you administer this giant Empire well they ain't got we're geniuses in that they built two roads here's what they did they built a massive row building system two north-south roads approximately 10,000 miles they had a mountain route and a coastal route here's why let's say you were fighting some people and they had blocked off your ability to get your troops down to where they needed to be let's say you were up in Cusco and you needed to get some troops down to Santiago well you would probably want to be able to get a messenger from Santiago saying help we're being attacked by some tribes or something from Cusco so you would send a messenger along the way on the coastal route but if there was some way that was blocked or maybe it got washed out or something you could also send them on the mountain route and the mountain route could also have snow on it so you might you know vice versa whatever the case being but what was awesome about it was it was able to be it was paved it was shaded it had wide roads for people to transverse on so they didn't just like fall off a cliff on the mountain roads they had courier and messenger services here is how it worked one courier would start somewhere and he would run and he would run for a little while until he got to the next space or rest house he would then take that message hand it off to another courier who had been resting all day and probably relaxing and and just sleeping and then once you get there they wake him up and say alright man your turn right and take this on down to the next station it needs to get to Cusco that person would continue to run till they got to the next station and so on and so on this guaranteed that there was the fastest most efficient way to get messages up and down the vast narrow Empire without having to rely on one person who would need to rest maybe need to have food on their back which would slow them down would need to have them camp or sleep for the night for those hours this could move information very quickly up and down the coast or up and down the empire they had limited long-distance trade held by government in monopoly so the trade was pretty much run by the government there weren't really many traders except for those kind of either authorized or a part of the government inca society and religion social elites dominated by an infallible king this king was someone who could do no wrong they were not to be overthrown they were placed in the power by the gods or the God depending on how they looked at it and for example we know that some of their Inca ruler claimed direct descent from the Sun or the Sun God and they had worship of ancestors the remains are preserved in mummified form pretty unique for this part of the world regularly consulted their ancestors there were sacrifices that were offered to their ancestors and they prayed in on festive occasions so yeah it's kind of weird to take old dead people and wander around with them but one of the nice things about it is that you kind of remember those who have gone before you kind of an interesting way to look at it aristocrats priests and peasants aristocrats receive special privileges such as earlobe spools as a dormant there was a priestly class which was ascetic meaning really we talked about this in the European monks where they were not really flamboyant they didn't have a lot of personal or worldly goods and they kind of spent a lot of time like praying by themselves or doing rituals by themselves they were celibate meaning they did not get married or have sex peasants organised into community groups called alyou lands and tools were held communally which is a very interesting idea for this time the belief that the land is not my land but our land to be worked on is a very unique idea in human history and it doesn't really last for tons and tons of time because people are very in general if you haven't noticed kind of selfish and like to own things a lot mandatory work details in the land of aristocrats and there was some public works where the people were taken off to go and work on public roads bridges whatever it took pretty much to make the society work well in your religion they have inti the Sun God and vara kocha the creator they had temples as pilgrimage sites so you would actually go to those temples you would offer some sort of veneration in the form of sacrifice to those gods and then you would go home and this was seen as a religious duty or a valuable thing to do to praise the gods peasant sacrifices usually were produce and animals for this culture not humans so maybe you would bring like a cow or not a cow you don't have cows yet you would bring like a bunny or something small like a gerbil I don't know something smaller than cows and you would bring them and you would kill them on an altar and then the gods would be happy or you would take produce that you grew on your farm and you throw it in the fire and offer that up to the gods sin was understood in this culture as a disruption of the divine order meaning that there is a set of rules that the universe and the world plays by and your sin would be anything that did not follow those pre established rules so it's very different from something say as in the Christian religion where you could get in trouble for saying words you were not supposed to how or having thoughts about hurting someone well that those aren't really not a part of our normal world those things are just things that are specifically forbidden by the religion however in the Inca religion sin would be seen as things like you trying not to follow through with your obligation to society or not doing what you're supposed to do as a part of the order of the universe and how it's set up that's a virtue the Creator gun societies of Oceania's now we're gonna jump over to the South Pacific Ocean and we're gonna look a little bit about this group I've heard it pronounced Oceania Oceania Oh Shania it doesn't really matter as long as you know what we're talking about there were nomadic foragers of Australia so these people wander around found what they could think a hunter-gatherer style virtually static culture because there was no agriculture it's pretty much in Australia not a very vibrant climate outside of the coast of Australia the center of Australia's pretty much a giant desert the coast of Australia is known as a kind of like an island paradise II kind of feel to it but they didn't really have agriculture for a pretty long time then we get to New Guinea which is nearby they had swine hurting I think like sort of pigs but not really like our modern Pig that we have today they have root cultivation some some tubular like root kind of plants around 5000 BCE they had small-scale trade of surplus food some Goods pearl oyster shells beers boomerangs which are kind of awesome if you've never seen them they look like this what this guy is holding it's a big curved piece of wood and what's kind of awesome about a boomerang and they figured out is if you bend a piece of wood or find a piece of wood and carve it into a specific shape and you throw it a very specific way you can get the wood to fly away from you and then at a certain point it will actually catch the air and break back towards you so let's say you were running after some sort of animal and or some like person and they were running away from you you could throw this boomerang hit them with it and it wouldn't obviously fly back to you if it hit them but let's say you missed it would then come back to you and you'd have another thing or another chance to throw it at them a pretty interesting way to work out some kind of weapon cultural religious tradition loosely tied with the environment we're not a hundred percent sure again on exactly how much they cared that much about the environment there were myths stories about geological features for example have you seen the movie Moana there's there stories about why is it that our island is here in the middle of the ocean or how come there's like a giant like rock over there or where did all the trees come from and so they would have stories similar to the way we've learned about mythological stories from other cultures rituals were in use to ensure continuing food supply similar to a lot of religion that we've studied people believe that if the gods weren't happy the food would not continue to come so we have to make sure the gods are happy here are some of the societies of Oceania we have the Hawaiian Islands the Society Islands the Marquesas Easter Asamoah Tonga food Fiji sorry New Zealand Australia New Guinea Philippines Mariana Marshall Gilbert Solomon Islands and you can see that this is a very large area with lots of little islands all over the place and these groups of people probably ended up on them either walking and overland through the like period we talked about the very beginning of our course or getting in boats and kind of traveling from island to island development of Pacific island societies establishing almost all islands in the early centuries BCE they were trade between island groups we know they got on boats and they actually traded between one another long-distance voyages was on an intermittent basis it was very rare for them to just get on boats as a whole and just travel away from their original land but there was that trade they brought sweet potatoes from South America around 300 seee so if you go back to our little picture you can see where some of those islands are and then if you just kept going around passport says Easter Island eventually you would hit South America and what's nice about that is we know they made it there and came back with sweet potatoes around 300 seep way way way before Europeans got on boats and tried to go farther than that the voyages preserved in oral traditions through storytelling and different types of stories so that's how we know they happened population growth there was extensive cultivation fishing innovations this is a pretty brilliant idea they would build fish ponds that allow small fish through and trap larger fish so these fish ponds would be built around the edges of beaches or they would be built by rivers and as the fish would swim either through the river or into like land from the ocean but what happened is they set up these like traps made of sticks or some sort of like hard kind of mesh fencing that they would create and the smaller fish would able to swim through and has the bigger fish kind of fall after them or go by they would get stuck up against the netting and you could just stand there and literally just stab one out of the water and then you have fish or you could just trap a bunch of them and use them like a fish farm eventually the population density leads to social strife when you don't have a lot of room and you have lots of people and you don't have a lot of like area for farming or spreading out it leads to people fighting there's an economic degradation as a result which eventually leads to fierce fighting and cannibalism or eating people around 1500 Cee now my co-teacher with this course likes to make the joke about how there's a difference between let's eat grandma and let's eat grandma make sure you say the second one not the first one development of social classes complexity of population leads to articulation of distinct classes as societies get more evolved in their progress towards what we would call a economic structure or social classes they start to develop differentiation between who's at the top of the culture who is at the bottom of the culture who's in the middle why are they there are they noble do they have more stuff do they have a noble lineage like they're descended from the gods and really this starts to take place a little bit later than what we saw in Europe but it's similar it takes them a pattern for example there are high chiefs then there are lesser Chiefs or Nobles then there's commoners and then there's some artisans or craftspeople and then finally peasant farmers there were small multi island empires that start to form so in normal areas we would see like a empire form and like near the center of some sort of culture and then they would dominate outward from there into the rural areas in this case because there's just so many of these islands form little groupings of empires through this process it was limited before the 19th century yet controlled land allocation labor and military conscription so labor was controlled by these centralized powers military groupings were controlled by these centralized powers and they can be conscripted or forced into working or being a part of the military as a result of being part of these empires the Polynesian religion there were priests as intermediaries to the vine we've seen this before priests are kind of the people you talk to and then they go and talk to the gods and then they come back with an answer about what the gods want us to do or how they want us to do it or whatever the God there were gods of war an agriculture that were the most prominent this was seen as placating the gods and we'd seen in previous chapters and there was a ceremonial precinct or temple known as moiré or in Hawaiian now there's a very famous example of kind of like an ancestor style ritual that comes to us from this area of the world it's seen pretty much every week in different forms and specifically with rugby so I thought I'd show you some of these kind of ancestor venerating type of dances and you'll see for this an example leaving tonight's haka will be captain Tim Bateman because pity Weepu who would normally have let it he's gone home with an injury captain Tim baton will lead it and he'll actually have for the first time a green stone called the moaning [Applause] [Applause] [Music] you all righty so that's absolutely terrifying if you were to see that before battle with tribe of Maori specifically this thing is or the Haku excuse me the Haku from the people of New Zealand and we made it when you finish studying this chapter should be able to the following first compare and contrast the political development of states and empires and post-classical nesco America second identifying compare the peoples in societies of the north there were three of them third identify important features of Mexico society and religion for identifying the rise and development of the Inca Empire easing five explain the features of Mexico religion and identifying prominent deities six discuss the key characteristics of Inca society and religion seven explain the development and features of nomadic societies in Australia and eight identifying discussed key features of Pacific island societies here's your questions writing assignment write a short response five to eight sentences to the following questions using a beer just gonna squat number one why the peoples of North America not achieve the population density of the societies of Mesoamerica there's some key reasons and it kind of goes back to some of the really big truths of world history and why Mesoamerica didn't or was able to grow to larger a larger scale than the northern American counterparts number two what aspects of Mexico society made them vulnerable to attack with the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century what do you see as a big problem in the way their society is structured that made the Spanish Europeans able to conquer them and third compare the Aztec and Inca societies with those of the Pacific Islands what were the similarities what were the significant differences so that's like a Venn diagram make two circles what's the Inca and Aztec on one the Pacific island societies on the other side while were the similarities what were the significant differences easy-peasy as always it has been nice talking to you it is time to get out that book and reread I hope this has been helpful to you we will see you soon bye what we do here just go back back 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