Overview of Human Anatomy and Physiology for ATITS Examination

Key Areas of Focus

• Body Systems: Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Nervous, Muscular, Reproductive, Integumentary, Endocrine, Urinary, and Immune

Anatomical Terminology

• Head and Neck: Cephalic (head), Cranial (skull), Facial (face), Frontal (forehead), Occipital (base of the skull), Temporal (temple), Orbital/Ocular (eyes), Otic (ears), Buccal (cheek), Nasal (nose), Oral (mouth), Mental (chin), Cervical (neck)
• Torso: Sternal (breastbone), Thoracic (chest), Mammary (breasts), Acromial (shoulder), Scapular (shoulder blade), Vertebral (spinal column), Lumbar (lower back), Dorsal (back), Axillary (armpit), Brachial (arm), Abdominal (abdomen), Umbilical (navel), Pelvic (pelvis), Inguinal (groin)
• Upper Limb: Antebrachial (forearm), Carpal (wrist), Palmer (palm), Polex (thumb), Dorsum (back of hand), Manual (hand), Digital/Phalangeal (fingers)
• Lower Limb: Femoral (thigh), Patella (front of knee), Popliteal (back of knee), Crural (shin), Sural (calf), Pedal (foot), Tarsal (ankle), Plantar (sole of foot), Calcaneal (heel), Hallux (big toe)

Anatomical Position and Direction

• Anterior (front) vs Posterior (back)
• Superior (towards head) vs Inferior (towards feet)
• Medial (towards midline) vs Lateral (away from midline)
• Proximal (closer to trunk) vs Distal (further from trunk)
• Planes: Sagittal (left and right), Frontal/Coronal (front and back), Transverse (top and bottom)

Respiratory System

• Structure: Nose, Mouth, Throat (Pharynx), Larynx (voice box), Trachea (windpipe), Bronchi (main tubes), Bronchioles (smaller tubes), Alveoli (air sacs), Lungs
• Function: Oxygen intake, Carbon dioxide release, pH maintenance
• Diseases/Conditions: Asthma, Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Mucous buildup, Smoking effects, Pollution/Allergies

Cardiovascular System

• Heart: 4 chambers (Right/Left Atrium, Right/Left Ventricle), Septum
• Blood Vessels: Arteries (oxygen-rich), Veins (oxygen-poor), Capillaries (exchange nutrients)
• Blood Flow: Oxygenated blood from lungs to body, Deoxygenated blood back to lungs
• Cardiac Cycle: Systole (contraction), Diastole (relaxation)
• Electrical System: SA node (primary pacemaker), AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
• Functions: Oxygen/Nutrient delivery, Blood pressure regulation, Temperature regulation, pH balance, Fighting infections, Hormone transport

Digestive System

• GI Tract: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum), Large Intestine (Cecum, Colon, Rectum)
• Accessory Organs: Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
• Functions: Mechanical/Chemical digestion of food, Nutrient absorption, Waste excretion
• Key Hormones/Enzymes: Gastrin, CCK, Secretin, Insulin, Glucagon, Bile

Nervous System

• Central Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves (branches off spinal cord)
• Neuron Structure: Cell body, Dendrites, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Synapses
• Types of Neurons: Sensory (afferent), Motor (efferent)
• Divisions: Autonomic (involuntary: heart rate, digestion), Somatic (voluntary: limb movement)

Muscular System

• Types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal (voluntary), Cardiac (involuntary), Smooth (involuntary)
• Functions: Movement, Force generation, Coordination with nerves

Reproductive System

• Male: Testes, Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, Penis
• Female: Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Vulva
• Hormones: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone

Integumentary System

• Components: Skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis), Hair, Nails, Sweat Glands
• Functions: Protection, Temperature regulation, Sensation

Endocrine System

• Glands: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Testes
• Functions: Hormone production, Growth, Metabolism, Reproduction, Mood regulation
• Hormones: Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Thyroxine, Calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone, Thymosin, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Insulin, Glucagon
• Homeostasis: Positive and Negative Feedback mechanisms

Urinary System

• Components: Kidneys, Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
• Functions: Blood filtration, Urine production, Balance and excretion of waste, Blood pressure regulation
• Nephrons: Structural units responsible for filtration and reabsorption

Immune System

• Innate Defense: Skin, Mucous membranes, Chemical barriers
• Inflammatory Response: Histamines, Phagocytes
• Adaptive Defense: Lymphatic system, White blood cells, Antibodies
• Immunity: Passive (antibodies from others), Active (self-produced antibodies)

Skeletal System

• Bone Types: Long, Short, Flat, Irregular
• Bone Structure: Compact, Spongy, Cancellous, Trabecular
• Functions: Movement, Support, Protection, Blood cell production