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Define the roles of the male reproductive system's main components.
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Testes (produce sperm and testosterone), Epididymis (stores sperm), Vas Deferens (transports sperm), Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland (produce semen), and Penis (delivers sperm).
Outline the key components and functions of the urinary system.
Kidneys, Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra. Functions include blood filtration, urine production, waste excretion, and blood pressure regulation.
Identify the types of muscle tissue and their characteristics.
Skeletal muscle (voluntary control, striated), cardiac muscle (involuntary control, found in the heart, striated), and smooth muscle (involuntary control, found in organs, non-striated).
What are the major functions of the integumentary system?
Protection against pathogens, regulation of body temperature, and sensation. Components include the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
Describe the central and peripheral nervous systems and their functions.
The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing information. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of nerves branching off the spinal cord, transmitting signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.
Explain how the cardiovascular system contributes to thermoregulation.
By adjusting blood flow to the skin, the cardiovascular system can help maintain body temperature. Increased blood flow to the skin facilitates heat loss, while reduced flow conserves heat.
Describe the primary roles of the endocrine system.
Hormone production, regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. It involves glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
Describe the cardiac cycle phases and their significance.
The cardiac cycle consists of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation). Systole is when the heart contracts to pump blood out, while diastole is when the heart relaxes after contraction to allow the chambers to fill with blood.
Identify and describe the reflex arc in the nervous system.
A reflex arc is the pathway taken by nerve impulses during a reflex action, involving sensory neurons (detect stimulus), interneurons (process information in the spinal cord), and motor neurons (elicit response).
Explain the process and importance of homeostasis in the endocrine system.
Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment through positive and negative feedback mechanisms. For instance, insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels.
Explain the function of neurons and the structure of a typical neuron.
Neurons transmit nerve impulses. A typical neuron consists of the cell body (contains the nucleus), dendrites (receive signals), an axon (transmits signals), a myelin sheath (insulates axon), and synapses (junctions between neurons).
Differentiate between innate and adaptive defenses in the immune system.
Innate defenses include physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and chemical barriers. Adaptive defenses involve the lymphatic system, white blood cells, and antibodies, providing targeted responses to specific pathogens.
What are the functions of the digestive system's accessory organs?
Teeth and tongue assist in mechanical digestion, salivary glands secrete enzymes for chemical digestion in the mouth, the liver produces bile to emulsify fats, the gallbladder stores bile, and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and insulin.
What are the main components of the respiratory system and their functions?
Nose, Mouth, Throat (Pharynx), Larynx (voice box), Trachea (windpipe), Bronchi (main tubes), Bronchioles (smaller tubes), Alveoli (air sacs), Lungs. Functions include oxygen intake, carbon dioxide release, and pH maintenance.
What structures are involved in bone formation and function?
Types of bones include long, short, flat, and irregular. Bone structures include compact bone (dense), spongy bone (lighter, porous), cancellous, and trabecular. Functions include movement, support, protection, and blood cell production.
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