Parliament and the Making of Law - Class 8 Political Science

Introduction

• Welcome and apologies for the technical glitch.
• Importance of today's topic: Parliament and law-making in India.

Overview of Topics

1. People and their Representatives
2. Role of the Parliament
3. Laws: Unpopular and Controversial

What is Democracy?

• Democracy = government of the people, by the people, for the people.
• Citizens elect leaders to represent them.
• Importance of citizen involvement in decision-making.

Why Should People Decide?

• People should be involved in governance since they understand their needs.
• Historical context: Indian National Congress was formed in 1885, demanding representation in legislations.
• Post-independence: Constitution allows citizens to vote and elect representatives.

Universal Adult Franchise

• Definition: All citizens above the age of 18 have the right to vote irrespective of caste, color, religion, or gender.
• Significance: Ensures every citizen can participate in democracy.

People and Their Representatives

• Citizens vote to elect representatives in elections.
• Elected representatives (MPs) participate in law-making processes.
• The Election Commission of India oversees free and fair elections.

Structure of Parliament

• Parliament: Highest law-making body in India.
• Components:
  • President: Formal head of the state.
  • Lok Sabha: House of the People (elected by citizens).
  • Rajya Sabha: Council of States (members include appointed and elected representatives).

Member of Parliament (MP) vs. Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)

• MPs represent the nation in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
• MLAs represent state-level assemblies.

Lok Sabha vs. Rajya Sabha

• Lok Sabha:

  • Total seats: 545, with 543 elected by the citizens and 2 for Anglo-Indians.
  • Required majority to form government: 272 seats.

• Rajya Sabha:

  • Total seats: 245, with 233 elected by state assemblies and 12 nominated by the President.

Functions of Parliament

• Guides and controls government policies.
• Conducts question sessions, allowing MPs to inquire about government actions.
• Opposition parties play a crucial role in holding the government accountable.

Law-Making Process

1. Introduction of a bill in Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
2. Discussions and debates followed by voting.
3. Bills are sent to the President for approval.
4. If approved, it becomes law.

Laws for Everyone

• Laws should ensure equality and not discriminate based on caste, gender, or religion.
• Importance of community involvement in law-making.

Unpopular and Controversial Laws

• Citizens have the right to protest against laws they find unfair.
• Active participation can lead to changes in laws.

Conclusion

• Encouragement for citizens to be active in democracy through voting and participation in governance.
• Importance of understanding the parliamentary system to advocate for necessary changes.

Summary of Key Terms

• Universal Adult Franchise: Right to vote for all citizens aged 18 and above.
• MP: Member of Parliament.<br>
• MLA: Member of Legislative Assembly.
• Lok Sabha: Higher house of Parliament, elected by the public.
• Rajya Sabha: Upper house with elected and nominated members from various fields.

Final Thoughts

• Understanding the role of Parliament is crucial for effective participation in democracy.
• Encouraged to read textbooks and stay informed about political processes.