Research Ethics Overview

Regal Day, thank you for joining this recorded session on Module 2, Ethics in Research. My name is John Caballero. Module 2, this one is designed to build on the foundation that we established in Module 1 and it will help you gain a stronger understanding of the ethical guidelines for psychological research. So through this session, we will cover the following. Feel free to pause the video, take notes, and revisit any sections as needed. If you have questions, just reach out. So let's get started. Research is a systematic effort to discover or confirm facts. solve new problems, or understand relationships between variables. And all usually through scientific observation and experiments. So, for example, a psychologist might conduct research to understand how stress impacts memory performance by observing the participants under different levels of stress and testing their recall ability. So remember, the main goal of research is to gain generalizable knowledge, something that applies beyond just one person or situation. Now, bakit nga ba natin kailangan ng research sa psychology? Well, because the primary answer is psychology is a science. Kasi kung walang research, puro hula lang yung pag-aaral natin sa behavior and cognition ng mga tao. I have here another example. So research showed us that CBT or cognitive behavior therapy works well for anxiety. So the psychologists, they use this evidence to help people get better. Next is ethics. So ethics are principles about what is right and what is wrong, especially accepted by a group or profession. So in our field, in psychology, this means treating participants fairly and avoiding harm. So try to imagine, there's a study, they intentionally cause participants extreme stress without their consent. So that would be unethical. So ang research ethics, ito naman yung mga values and standards na dapat sundin mula sa umpisa hanggang matapos. and your study. So, for instance, yung informed consent, ibig sabihin, you have to explain everything clearly to your participants para makapag-decide sila kung mag-aagree sila na mag-a-volunteer, sorry, mag-aagree, whether they participate in the study or not. And of course, yung ating confidentiality, it means you keep the information private. Next one, IRB. So to ensure ethical conduct in research, especially involving human participants, institutions have established Institutional Review Boards or IRB. Now, sino ba yung IRB? It is a committee that reviews a research proposal to make sure they are ethically acceptable and the study should comply with the institution's codes of conduct. So my example here. Before you start your study, let's say on depression in our adolescents, it must be reviewed and approved by the IRB. The IRB, they have to ensure that there is no harm that will be given to the participants. And because they are still adolescents, they need informed consent. So at any US institution, receiving federal funds for research. an IRB is mandatory. Protecting subjects at risk. So, the IRB, they consider the safety and welfare or well-being of research participants. They call it subjects at risk if they face potential injury. So, in psychology, when we say injury, it includes physical, psychological, or social. So, for example, There's a study asking participants to recall about a traumatic memories. So, of course, we have a psychological distress there. so the irb they evaluate the paper and how you can safeguard or minimize the harm you will give to the participants so the solution is to give them a debriefing after so remember, the participants should not be exposed to risk so that's the main purpose, main function of the IRB and also Animal rights and welfare, sometimes psychology research involves animals. They emphasize that animals who can feel pain deserve ethical treatment. So, kung magkakaroon tayo ng pag-aaral tungkol sa mga hayop, make sure na hindi sila ganoon masasaktan. So, kadalasan ginagamit yung daga sa mga experimentation. So, ang gagawin doon, kailangan huwag pahirapan ng sobra. that they will still have a good life. So research is your tool to discover real facts and understanding in psychology. And then, the ethics guide us how to do it right with fairness, honesty, and respect. The IRB, they protect those involved, making sure no one gets hurt. And whether humans or animals, everyone deserves ethical treatment. So, dito naman tayo sa vulnerable persons. So, sino ba sila? They have certain characteristics or situations that make it hard or impossible for them to decide for themselves whether to join the study or not. So, ito naman yung mga example of vulnerable populations. Number one, children. So, hindi pa kasi sapat yung kanilang kakayahan na magbigay ng informed consent. Second is the prisoners. They are those in a controlled environment that can only follow the research without a real choice. Next is pregnant women because they have special health considerations that need to be protected. Persons with mental health conditions. They may not fully understand the research or be able to make free decisions. And the last one is underprivileged persons because they are easily exploited because of their status. Because they are often the most exposed to the influence or can't make informed decisions, for example, a child who hasn't yet understood the whole process of the study or a prisoner who may be forced because they are under authority. So tandaan! yung mga binigay nating example ay unethical. They might be at higher risk of coercion or misunderstanding or harm. So, kaya yung ethics, it requires researchers to be extra careful. Now, when can vulnerable groups be included in research? So, this is the main reason. We do not include vulnerable groups in research unless Number 1, the study is necessary to improve the welfare of the population Number 2, the research cannot be done or non-vulnerable groups So for example, if you want to study the effect of a counseling approach for children you cannot use adult participants because and the experience we're talking about. So, let's try to think of a researcher who wants to study depression in people who are depressed. So, they should make sure that, number one, there is no pressure or no pressure on the people who are depressed because they are vulnerable in deciding. It can't be done by other groups. Mahalagang malaman kung paano makatulong ang study sa mga preso mismo. So, tandaan natin, we only include them if the study clearly benefits them and cannot be done with others. Respect and extra care are crucial when working with them. Ethics, safeguard, participant rights, and welfare. So, bakit nga ba kailangan nating sundin? yung mga ethical guidelines. So first, ethics protect the rights, dignity, and welfare of everyone who participates in research. So this means making sure participants give informed consent, keeping their information private, and minimizing any physical, psychological, or social harm, especially if they belong to vulnerable groups. For example, if there are studies on anxiety, researchers need to explain clearly to participants what they need to do. sa kanila. Hindi pwede na pilitin sila na sumali. or we should hide the possibility that they may be stressed. For example, if the participants have a child or mental health condition, we should give them extra attention. Second, ethics strengthens transparency and fairness in all aspects of research, starting from collecting data. sa pag-aanalyze hanggang sa pagsusulat ng resulta. So this prevents misconduct like fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. Kapag nag-fake ang researcher ng data para lumabas na successful yung study, hindi lang siya nandadaya sa science. Kasi kaya niya rin labagin yung tiwala ng ibang tao na umaasa. sa tunay na information na sana ay mabibigay ng research. And this one is the third. Ethical research builds credibility and reliability. So when you follow ethical standards, your work becomes trustworthy. And of course, the people will have confidence in your findings. Kapag may tiwalay yung public sa research, mas malaki yung chance na makatulong ito sa society natin. And isa rin ito sa pagiging socially responsible ng mga academicians or mga professionals. So isang tama at isang makatarungan na research ay nagiging daan para, of course, ma-develop yung intelligence at knowledge para makatulong sa lahat ng hindi na ape o nasasakta ng ibang participants. Here, ethics protect researchers and institutions. So being ethical meaning you stay accountable and responsible for your work, which protects your reputation. And of course, kung saang institution ka na bebelong. So isipin mo, ang isang study tungkol sa treatment ng depression. Kung hindi gagamitin ng tama yung ethics, pwedeng hindi na- inform ng maayos yung participants o pwede mo rin i-manipulate yung data para mas maging maganda ang resulta ng treatment. Pero kung susunod tayo sa ethics, sinesecure natin na yung consent ng participants ay malinaw. We also look and to make sure yung kanyang privacy. And the last one, the result we will share is not... kasing ganda ng inaasahan na so next one the FREB or the philippine health research ethics board ito ay isang national policy making body for health research ethics in the philippines it was created through the DOST special order number 091 year 2006 to ensure researchers follow universal ethical principles that protects the dignity and rights of health research participants. So why FREB is important? Sa psychology research, madalas natin kinakalap yung sensitibong information mula sa mga tao. Well, sa tulong ng FREB, nasisigurado natin na ang mga participants ay ligtas at iginagalang natin sila sa ating proseso. Tandaan, this is critical. Because ethical research protects participants from harm and ensures that studies are conducted responsibly. So let us now go to the key functions of the Philippine Health Research Ethics Board. First, ethics review, protection of participants' compliance, risk-benefit analysis, informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality. In simple words, FREB is the one that provides ethical conduct of health in the Philippines. They are the ones who check, protect, and ensure that all research is legal, safe, and responsible. Ethical Guidelines for Mental Health Research So now, let's talk about the ethical guidelines that are important in mental health research, especially here in the Philippines. Mental health research, it covers many kinds of studies. And ito ay nangangailangan ng maingat na pagtrato sa mga participants at tamang pamamaraan upang maging effective at makatarungan. Research projects in mental health are very diverse in the Philippines. Marami tayong mga national surveys tulad ng National Survey on Mental Health and Wellness na nagtatanong sa kalagayan ng mental health. ng mga Pilipino. So meron ding mga anthropology na pag-aaral na tumitingin sa cultural perspective ng mental illness. Paano ito naiisip at nararanasan ayon sa isang kultura. May mga research din tungkol sa clinical drug trials evaluating new medications and genetic studies that explore the cause of mental illness. And this is also one of the important projects of the Filipino Diagnostic Manual for Mental Illness. So this is the Filipino version of DSM-5. Why is it important? Because most of the manuals used are made in other countries from the West. And they don't always coincide with the experiences of Filipinos. By creating a Filipino-specific manual, diagnosis and treatment can be more accurate and, of course, magiging culturally sensitive ito. Research also studies psychosocial interventions that help people dealing with drug abuse or mental health challenges resulting from violent experiences like trauma. Especially now, last time, when we had the COVID-19 pandemic, a lot of research was done on how it affects the mental health of people and what programs helped the frontliners, students, and other sectors of society. Kasama rin sa mental health research ang lahat ng age, yung gender, mga bata, kabataan. yung sexual orientation mo, gamit nito yung iba't-ibang paraan ng pag-aaral mula positivistic. So, di ba, kapag sinabing positivistic, knowledge is subjective. Gagamit tayo ng mga surveys and measurements hanggang sa phenomenological. Yung pag-aaral naman ng karanasan ng mga tao. Nagagamit tayo ng mga interviews naman. So, this... multidisciplinary approach involves mental health professionals like psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, geneticists, pharmacologists, and more. They work together to understand mental health better. May mga studies rin tayo na it happened in the different places. Kagaya ng mga sa hospital, sa laboratory, sa clinics, sa school. and even in the communities where mental health services and interventions are delivered. For example, there may be field studies in a barangay where counseling and other supports are provided to community members. If you will conduct studies on the effectiveness of pandemic on anxiety levels of students, You can use surveys to measure your anxiety levels. You can also use interviews to understand what the people really experienced in life are like. It is important to protect their privacy, get consent, and treat with respect and understanding. So we will now discuss the methods to finally ensure objectivity in data collection, informed consent, and confidentiality, and special consideration for clinical trials. and community-based research. Researchers, they must develop ways beyond simple blinding to ensure objective ang data collection. So one example is assessor blinding. So ibig sabihin, the observer does not know who received the intervention. So isa pang paraan, yung paghihiwalay ng control, and experimental groups in different places so that the data or information is not mixed up from what you observe. So for example, you have a group of patients in a hospital and one is in another so that the integrity of the research is maintained. no matter their mental health status or treatment setting, should be considered as potential participants if they can benefit from the knowledge generated by mental health research. Number two, excluding individuals from research due to lack of access to information, it creates inequity and selection bias. So even those with poor insight can participate through proxy consent from a legally authorized representative or the lar legally authorized representative another number three if the participant is illiterate the researcher must use alternative methods to explain the clinical trial process clearly number four informed consent is an ongoing process where mental health researchers continuously assess a participant's ability to make decisions using established tools or instrument. Number five, whenever there's a doubt about participants' capacity to consent, the proxy consent must be obtained from a legally authorized representative based on the participant's base interests. Number six, in case where a participant's decisional capacity is temporarily impaired, the researcher should make every effort to obtain informed consent during moments when the participant is lucid and able to understand. Seven, in case where a participant's decisional capacity is temporarily impaired, the researcher should make every effort to obtain informed consent during moments when the participant is lucid and able to understand. to obtain informed consent during moments when the participants is lucid and able to understand. So this ensures that the participants autonomy is respected whenever possible such as when a participants is fluctuating mental clarity can actively participate in decisions about the study. Number 8 confidentiality is the responsibility of the person who receives the private information from research participants so from this time it's the responsibility of the researcher the researcher should ensure their privacy and respected at all times but then again if information arises that indicates a threat to another person's safety such as planning harm The researcher may need to breach confidentiality to prevent harm. The researchers must carefully assess the situation to determine if breaking privacy is ethically justified while protecting both participants and others. Number nine, in clinical trials, the participant's identity must be verified using a valid government-issued ID, passport, or birth certificate with a copy of signed informed consent form. So this one is a strict requirement. It protects institutionalized patients and help prevent professional participants from enrolling in multiple trials for financial incentives. So this measure ensured the integrity and safety of the research process. 10. Because institutionalized participants belong to a vulnerable population, lagi-lagi they must be accompanied by a relative, a guardian, during every clinical trial visit. So the person helps confirm any abnormal findings, new physical examination results, or observations. And it ensures that the participant continues to consent to their environment. So here, we can practice autonomy throughout the study. Eleven, investigators conducting clinical drug trials for depression. must include suicide risk assessment in training of the research and the patient's care planning. So, dapat they carefully decide whether the patients require outpatient or inpatient observation and consider the need for continuous round-the-clock monitoring to ensure the safety of the participants throughout the study. Twelve, in clinical trials, Mental illness where standard care involves psychotherapy. So, ibig sabihin, the psychotherapy regimen must be clearly described and included in the protocol for both control and experimental groups. groups. Now, if psychotherapy is not included, the researcher must provide a valid justification and implement clear clinical measures to monitor early signs of deterioration in participants so what else so all individuals regardless of their mental health status or care setting who might benefit from the knowledge produced by the mental health research should be considered as potential participants to maintain objectivity researchers are encouraged to develop alternative to binding such as assessor blinding or geographically separating control and experimental groups using reliable and unbiased data collection. Thirteen, at the end of clinical trial, the investigator of the Research Ethics Committee or IRB must clearly define the type and extent of care participants will receive. So there will be an arrangement for continuing care should be fair and equitable. ensuring that participants are supported even after the study concludes. So this commitment reflects the ethical principles of fairness in research. Number 14, pharmacogenetic studies conducted alongside clinical drug trials. It requires a separate informed consent process to ensure clear understanding and voluntary participation. So a distinct consent form. must be signed by the patient or their legally authorized representative. So, these separate procedures respect participants and maintains ethical standards in genetic research. Fifteen, studies on genetic causes of mental illness must be carefully designed with attention to the limits of genetic data interpretation. And genetic counseling should be provided to help participants understand the implications. So in addition, all individuals who could benefit from mental health research should be included as participants with research using alternatives to blinding like assessor blinding or geographical separation to ensure unbiased and reliable data. Sixteen. community-based research. Ito dapat laging magbigay ng benefits sa buong community. For example, magkakaroon kayo ng community mental health promotion seminar or mga psychoeducation. So sa gandong paraan, hindi lang nakikinabang yung mga participants kundi yung buong community na nagbibigay ng awareness and support sa mga mental health. So this approach, it ensures that research uplifts and empowers the community as a whole. Number 17. So community-based research na may kinalaman sa iligal na gawain ay dapat iwasan hanggat maari. Well, except kung yung layunin na pag-aaral ay malaki ang matutulong sa pagdutas ng problema. Kung sapat naman ang benefits sa lipunan kumpara sa panganib, You need to have a proper consultation with the authorities. We have police officers and local government officers who can help you before you start collecting data. Para of course, maprotektahan natin yung mga researcher atsaka yung mga participants. So, this careful approach balances societal benefit with safety and legality. Nineteen, dapat pag-usapan ng maigi yung paggamit ng pseudonym o yung pagtanggal ng connections sa pagitan ng pangalan at data para maprotektahan natin yung participants na baka ma-expose. sa mga iligal na gawain sa study mo. Well, yung arguments na to kasi, kailangan ng understanding sa mundo, dapat daw nakabatay siya sa empirical evidence, kung saan ang sense perception ng kundasyon ng kaalaman na nakakamit sa pamamagitan ng sistematikong pangangalap at pag-aayos ng datos tulad ng scientific trials. So this method, both... participant protection and the integrity of scientific research. So let's take a five-minute break now. So pagkatapos dito, pag-uusapan natin yung ethical guidelines for vulnerable groups. So mahalaga to upang marutunan natin kung paano protektahan yung mga karapatan at kapakanan ng mga taong madalas na naapektuhan sa research. So don't forget, ang ating second attendance code ay Yeah. Ethicalia Researcher Okay, so let's go back. So first, tungkol sa research involving children or minors. So dahil ngayong mga bata ay vulnerable, ang informed consent ay kailangan natin makuha from their parent or legal guardian. Habang susubukan din natin makuha yung assent o yung pahintulot sa bata mismo. So kalimbawa, Sa isang psychological study tungkol sa learning behavior ng batang nasa elementary, importante na ipaliwanag yung proseso sa bata sa simple at malinaw na paraan. Pangalawa, sa research involving older persons, elderly, dapat isaalang-alang natin yung kanilang physical at cognitive na kalagayan. may mga pagkakataon na maaring magkaroon sila ng temporary or permanenting kakulangan sa pagdidecision. Kaya nga yung kanina, yung sinabi natin na paggamit ng LAR o yung legally authorized representative ay kinakailangan. So, example here, kung meron kang study tungkol sa memory retenso ng mga senior citizen, kailangan maging sensitive tayo sa, or kailangan maging tama, maging sensitive yung mga researcher. sa mga kakayahan nila at yung mga kalagayan nila. So number three, para sa research involving people living with HIV. So dito napakahalaga ng confidentiality at ang pag-iwas sa stigma. Sa garitong uri ng research, dapat iyakin natin yung mga researcher na ligtas ang information sa mga participants at hindi sila ma-discriminate. So kailangan wala tayong physical, social, or psychological risk. So kung mag-aaral ka ng coping mechanism ng PLHIV, dapat protectahan natin yung identity nila para hindi sila ma-isolate din. Pang-apat, research involving people with disabilities. Nakangailangan ng special consideration, katulad ng paggamit ng accessible materials at communication. Kung may participants na may hearing impairment, pwedeng gumamit ng sign language interpreter para masigurado yung tamang pag-intindi ng research process. Isang halimbawa yung pag-aaral ng emotional health ng mga taong may physical disability kung saan mahalaga yung pag-adapt ng pamamaraan para maging inclusive yung study. Yung panghuli naman natin, Research involving indigenous people, mga IPs. So mahalaga yung cultural sensitivity at yung pagkakaroon ng community consent. So, hindi lang ba sa informed consent kasi kailangan maunawaan ng buong community at ng hindi lang isang participants yung layunin ng iyong research. So, kung halimbawa kung nagahanap kayo ng mga psychological resilience sa isang indigenous community, dapat dumaan sa dialogue at pahintulot sa community leaders bago mag-umpisa ng pag-aaral. So, in all of these, the primary principles are respect and dignity, justice and equality of participants while we follow the ethical guidelines that were issued by the National Ethical Guidelines for Health Research in 2022. So, in this way, we show the responsible person who has a problem with each participant. So now, let's talk about the key ethical principles in psychological research that is given by the American Psychological Association. So, these principles guide us to conduct research with respect. responsibility and care for our participants and the integrity of science. So, unang principle, yung beneficence and non-maleficence na dapat nangangahulugang dapat nating hangarin na makapagbigay ng benefits sa mga participants at iwasan ng anumang harm or pinsala. So, kapag gagawa tayo ng research tungkol sa stress, Siguraduhin natin na hindi lalala yung stress ng mga participants dahil sa research. Second, the fidelity and responsibility. So it refers to maintaining trust and professionalism. So dapat tayo daw maging responsible tayo hindi lang sa participants, kundi pati sa mga colleagues at sa buong society. So transparency. and honesty in passing results is super important. And number three, integrity. This is about being fair and accurate. That's why you can't manipulate the data or falsify the result. So, example, if you have data that doesn't support your hypothesis, hindi mo kailangang ipakita na Well, you need to show that the study has truly been a result. So, fourth, justice. It means fairness and equality. We should not just choose the participants who are easy or convenient. Because all people should be given the right opportunity to join your research. Our last one is respect for people's rights and dignity. Ang ibig sabihin nito, dapat daw respetuhin natin yung privacy, autonomy, at dignity ng ating mga participants. So, kasama na dito yung pagkuhan ng informed consent bago simulan yung research at protectahan yung kanilang information. To uphold these principles, kailangan natin sundin yung mga practical na guides tulad ng informed consent para maiwasan nila yung harm. confidentiality, anonymity, voluntary participation, and debriefing. So, the debriefing is done after the study. So, in this way, we become ethical researchers, we become responsible, and we give importance to the status of rights of each participant. The key ethical standards and practices in psychological research. First, the informed consent. Here, it is important that the participant is fully informed in the nature of the study, as well as in the risks and benefits. Second, the voluntary participation and freedom from coercion. So, it means that there should be no pressure. or force sa participants para sumali or manatili sa study, hindi physical, financial, or academic. Pangatlo, protection from harm. So remember, the role of a researcher is to protect participants from any physical or psychological harm. Fourth, anonymity and confidentiality. So these are the two ways. If we say anonymity, you won't get any information. As in, there is no information that you can connect to the data that you have. Kapag naman confidentiality, you will get all the information pero you have the responsibility to keep it and protect it. So yung panghuli naman, debriefing. So bali, pagkatapos ng study, kailangan mag-conduct ng debriefing ang researcher sa lahat ng kanyang participants. Kung meron nangyaring deception, kailangan sabihin mo yun sa participants. At kung meron naman nangyari na emotional state, or rather negative emotional state, you need to return it by of course providing them the breathing session. So in following these ethical standards, we need to protect the participants that will maintain integrity in research. So as psychology students, future psychology researchers Kailangan na... We can apply all of these ethical guidelines for the safety, rights, and dignity of the participants in our research. Okay, so this concludes part 1 of our discussion on EthicFin Research. So please watch the next video in Informed Consent Form. The third attendance code is Research Ethics. So make sure to enter it in our Google Form.

Feel free to pause the video, take notes, and revisit any sections as needed. If you have questions, just reach out. So let's get started. Research is a systematic effort to discover or confirm facts.

solve new problems, or understand relationships between variables. And all usually through scientific observation and experiments. So, for example, a psychologist might conduct research to understand how stress impacts memory performance by observing the participants under different levels of stress and testing their recall ability. So remember, the main goal of research is to gain generalizable knowledge, something that applies beyond just one person or situation. Now, bakit nga ba natin kailangan ng research sa psychology?

Well, because the primary answer is psychology is a science. Kasi kung walang research, puro hula lang yung pag-aaral natin sa behavior and cognition ng mga tao. I have here another example. So research showed us that CBT or cognitive behavior therapy works well for anxiety.

So the psychologists, they use this evidence to help people get better. Next is ethics. So ethics are principles about what is right and what is wrong, especially accepted by a group or profession. So in our field, in psychology, this means treating participants fairly and avoiding harm. So try to imagine, there's a study, they intentionally cause participants extreme stress without their consent.

So that would be unethical. So ang research ethics, ito naman yung mga values and standards na dapat sundin mula sa umpisa hanggang matapos. and your study. So, for instance, yung informed consent, ibig sabihin, you have to explain everything clearly to your participants para makapag-decide sila kung mag-aagree sila na mag-a-volunteer, sorry, mag-aagree, whether they participate in the study or not.

And of course, yung ating confidentiality, it means you keep the information private. Next one, IRB. So to ensure ethical conduct in research, especially involving human participants, institutions have established Institutional Review Boards or IRB.

Now, sino ba yung IRB? It is a committee that reviews a research proposal to make sure they are ethically acceptable and the study should comply with the institution's codes of conduct. So my example here.

Before you start your study, let's say on depression in our adolescents, it must be reviewed and approved by the IRB. The IRB, they have to ensure that there is no harm that will be given to the participants. And because they are still adolescents, they need informed consent. So at any US institution, receiving federal funds for research. an IRB is mandatory.

Protecting subjects at risk. So, the IRB, they consider the safety and welfare or well-being of research participants. They call it subjects at risk if they face potential injury.

So, in psychology, when we say injury, it includes physical, psychological, or social. So, for example, There's a study asking participants to recall about a traumatic memories. So, of course, we have a psychological distress there. so the irb they evaluate the paper and how you can safeguard or minimize the harm you will give to the participants so the solution is to give them a debriefing after so remember, the participants should not be exposed to risk so that's the main purpose, main function of the IRB and also Animal rights and welfare, sometimes psychology research involves animals.

They emphasize that animals who can feel pain deserve ethical treatment. So, kung magkakaroon tayo ng pag-aaral tungkol sa mga hayop, make sure na hindi sila ganoon masasaktan. So, kadalasan ginagamit yung daga sa mga experimentation. So, ang gagawin doon, kailangan huwag pahirapan ng sobra.

that they will still have a good life. So research is your tool to discover real facts and understanding in psychology. And then, the ethics guide us how to do it right with fairness, honesty, and respect. The IRB, they protect those involved, making sure no one gets hurt. And whether humans or animals, everyone deserves ethical treatment.

So, dito naman tayo sa vulnerable persons. So, sino ba sila? They have certain characteristics or situations that make it hard or impossible for them to decide for themselves whether to join the study or not.

So, ito naman yung mga example of vulnerable populations. Number one, children. So, hindi pa kasi sapat yung kanilang kakayahan na magbigay ng informed consent.

Second is the prisoners. They are those in a controlled environment that can only follow the research without a real choice. Next is pregnant women because they have special health considerations that need to be protected.

Persons with mental health conditions. They may not fully understand the research or be able to make free decisions. And the last one is underprivileged persons because they are easily exploited because of their status. Because they are often the most exposed to the influence or can't make informed decisions, for example, a child who hasn't yet understood the whole process of the study or a prisoner who may be forced because they are under authority. So tandaan!

yung mga binigay nating example ay unethical. They might be at higher risk of coercion or misunderstanding or harm. So, kaya yung ethics, it requires researchers to be extra careful. Now, when can vulnerable groups be included in research?

So, this is the main reason. We do not include vulnerable groups in research unless Number 1, the study is necessary to improve the welfare of the population Number 2, the research cannot be done or non-vulnerable groups So for example, if you want to study the effect of a counseling approach for children you cannot use adult participants because and the experience we're talking about. So, let's try to think of a researcher who wants to study depression in people who are depressed. So, they should make sure that, number one, there is no pressure or no pressure on the people who are depressed because they are vulnerable in deciding.

It can't be done by other groups. Mahalagang malaman kung paano makatulong ang study sa mga preso mismo. So, tandaan natin, we only include them if the study clearly benefits them and cannot be done with others.

Respect and extra care are crucial when working with them. Ethics, safeguard, participant rights, and welfare. So, bakit nga ba kailangan nating sundin?

yung mga ethical guidelines. So first, ethics protect the rights, dignity, and welfare of everyone who participates in research. So this means making sure participants give informed consent, keeping their information private, and minimizing any physical, psychological, or social harm, especially if they belong to vulnerable groups. For example, if there are studies on anxiety, researchers need to explain clearly to participants what they need to do.

sa kanila. Hindi pwede na pilitin sila na sumali. or we should hide the possibility that they may be stressed. For example, if the participants have a child or mental health condition, we should give them extra attention.

Second, ethics strengthens transparency and fairness in all aspects of research, starting from collecting data. sa pag-aanalyze hanggang sa pagsusulat ng resulta. So this prevents misconduct like fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism.

Kapag nag-fake ang researcher ng data para lumabas na successful yung study, hindi lang siya nandadaya sa science. Kasi kaya niya rin labagin yung tiwala ng ibang tao na umaasa. sa tunay na information na sana ay mabibigay ng research. And this one is the third.

Ethical research builds credibility and reliability. So when you follow ethical standards, your work becomes trustworthy. And of course, the people will have confidence in your findings. Kapag may tiwalay yung public sa research, mas malaki yung chance na makatulong ito sa society natin. And isa rin ito sa pagiging socially responsible ng mga academicians or mga professionals.

So isang tama at isang makatarungan na research ay nagiging daan para, of course, ma-develop yung intelligence at knowledge para makatulong sa lahat ng hindi na ape o nasasakta ng ibang participants. Here, ethics protect researchers and institutions. So being ethical meaning you stay accountable and responsible for your work, which protects your reputation. And of course, kung saang institution ka na bebelong.

So isipin mo, ang isang study tungkol sa treatment ng depression. Kung hindi gagamitin ng tama yung ethics, pwedeng hindi na- inform ng maayos yung participants o pwede mo rin i-manipulate yung data para mas maging maganda ang resulta ng treatment. Pero kung susunod tayo sa ethics, sinesecure natin na yung consent ng participants ay malinaw.

We also look and to make sure yung kanyang privacy. And the last one, the result we will share is not... kasing ganda ng inaasahan na so next one the FREB or the philippine health research ethics board ito ay isang national policy making body for health research ethics in the philippines it was created through the DOST special order number 091 year 2006 to ensure researchers follow universal ethical principles that protects the dignity and rights of health research participants.

So why FREB is important? Sa psychology research, madalas natin kinakalap yung sensitibong information mula sa mga tao. Well, sa tulong ng FREB, nasisigurado natin na ang mga participants ay ligtas at iginagalang natin sila sa ating proseso. Tandaan, this is critical. Because ethical research protects participants from harm and ensures that studies are conducted responsibly.

So let us now go to the key functions of the Philippine Health Research Ethics Board. First, ethics review, protection of participants' compliance, risk-benefit analysis, informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality. In simple words, FREB is the one that provides ethical conduct of health in the Philippines. They are the ones who check, protect, and ensure that all research is legal, safe, and responsible.

Ethical Guidelines for Mental Health Research So now, let's talk about the ethical guidelines that are important in mental health research, especially here in the Philippines. Mental health research, it covers many kinds of studies. And ito ay nangangailangan ng maingat na pagtrato sa mga participants at tamang pamamaraan upang maging effective at makatarungan.

Research projects in mental health are very diverse in the Philippines. Marami tayong mga national surveys tulad ng National Survey on Mental Health and Wellness na nagtatanong sa kalagayan ng mental health. ng mga Pilipino. So meron ding mga anthropology na pag-aaral na tumitingin sa cultural perspective ng mental illness. Paano ito naiisip at nararanasan ayon sa isang kultura.

May mga research din tungkol sa clinical drug trials evaluating new medications and genetic studies that explore the cause of mental illness. And this is also one of the important projects of the Filipino Diagnostic Manual for Mental Illness. So this is the Filipino version of DSM-5. Why is it important?

Because most of the manuals used are made in other countries from the West. And they don't always coincide with the experiences of Filipinos. By creating a Filipino-specific manual, diagnosis and treatment can be more accurate and, of course, magiging culturally sensitive ito. Research also studies psychosocial interventions that help people dealing with drug abuse or mental health challenges resulting from violent experiences like trauma.

Especially now, last time, when we had the COVID-19 pandemic, a lot of research was done on how it affects the mental health of people and what programs helped the frontliners, students, and other sectors of society. Kasama rin sa mental health research ang lahat ng age, yung gender, mga bata, kabataan. yung sexual orientation mo, gamit nito yung iba't-ibang paraan ng pag-aaral mula positivistic.

So, di ba, kapag sinabing positivistic, knowledge is subjective. Gagamit tayo ng mga surveys and measurements hanggang sa phenomenological. Yung pag-aaral naman ng karanasan ng mga tao.

Nagagamit tayo ng mga interviews naman. So, this... multidisciplinary approach involves mental health professionals like psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, geneticists, pharmacologists, and more.

They work together to understand mental health better. May mga studies rin tayo na it happened in the different places. Kagaya ng mga sa hospital, sa laboratory, sa clinics, sa school.

and even in the communities where mental health services and interventions are delivered. For example, there may be field studies in a barangay where counseling and other supports are provided to community members. If you will conduct studies on the effectiveness of pandemic on anxiety levels of students, You can use surveys to measure your anxiety levels. You can also use interviews to understand what the people really experienced in life are like. It is important to protect their privacy, get consent, and treat with respect and understanding.

So we will now discuss the methods to finally ensure objectivity in data collection, informed consent, and confidentiality, and special consideration for clinical trials. and community-based research. Researchers, they must develop ways beyond simple blinding to ensure objective ang data collection.

So one example is assessor blinding. So ibig sabihin, the observer does not know who received the intervention. So isa pang paraan, yung paghihiwalay ng control, and experimental groups in different places so that the data or information is not mixed up from what you observe.

So for example, you have a group of patients in a hospital and one is in another so that the integrity of the research is maintained. no matter their mental health status or treatment setting, should be considered as potential participants if they can benefit from the knowledge generated by mental health research. Number two, excluding individuals from research due to lack of access to information, it creates inequity and selection bias. So even those with poor insight can participate through proxy consent from a legally authorized representative or the lar legally authorized representative another number three if the participant is illiterate the researcher must use alternative methods to explain the clinical trial process clearly number four informed consent is an ongoing process where mental health researchers continuously assess a participant's ability to make decisions using established tools or instrument. Number five, whenever there's a doubt about participants' capacity to consent, the proxy consent must be obtained from a legally authorized representative based on the participant's base interests.

Number six, in case where a participant's decisional capacity is temporarily impaired, the researcher should make every effort to obtain informed consent during moments when the participant is lucid and able to understand. Seven, in case where a participant's decisional capacity is temporarily impaired, the researcher should make every effort to obtain informed consent during moments when the participant is lucid and able to understand. to obtain informed consent during moments when the participants is lucid and able to understand.

So this ensures that the participants autonomy is respected whenever possible such as when a participants is fluctuating mental clarity can actively participate in decisions about the study. Number 8 confidentiality is the responsibility of the person who receives the private information from research participants so from this time it's the responsibility of the researcher the researcher should ensure their privacy and respected at all times but then again if information arises that indicates a threat to another person's safety such as planning harm The researcher may need to breach confidentiality to prevent harm. The researchers must carefully assess the situation to determine if breaking privacy is ethically justified while protecting both participants and others.

Number nine, in clinical trials, the participant's identity must be verified using a valid government-issued ID, passport, or birth certificate with a copy of signed informed consent form. So this one is a strict requirement. It protects institutionalized patients and help prevent professional participants from enrolling in multiple trials for financial incentives.

So this measure ensured the integrity and safety of the research process. 10. Because institutionalized participants belong to a vulnerable population, lagi-lagi they must be accompanied by a relative, a guardian, during every clinical trial visit. So the person helps confirm any abnormal findings, new physical examination results, or observations.

And it ensures that the participant continues to consent to their environment. So here, we can practice autonomy throughout the study. Eleven, investigators conducting clinical drug trials for depression.

must include suicide risk assessment in training of the research and the patient's care planning. So, dapat they carefully decide whether the patients require outpatient or inpatient observation and consider the need for continuous round-the-clock monitoring to ensure the safety of the participants throughout the study. Twelve, in clinical trials, Mental illness where standard care involves psychotherapy. So, ibig sabihin, the psychotherapy regimen must be clearly described and included in the protocol for both control and experimental groups. groups.

Now, if psychotherapy is not included, the researcher must provide a valid justification and implement clear clinical measures to monitor early signs of deterioration in participants so what else so all individuals regardless of their mental health status or care setting who might benefit from the knowledge produced by the mental health research should be considered as potential participants to maintain objectivity researchers are encouraged to develop alternative to binding such as assessor blinding or geographically separating control and experimental groups using reliable and unbiased data collection. Thirteen, at the end of clinical trial, the investigator of the Research Ethics Committee or IRB must clearly define the type and extent of care participants will receive. So there will be an arrangement for continuing care should be fair and equitable.

ensuring that participants are supported even after the study concludes. So this commitment reflects the ethical principles of fairness in research. Number 14, pharmacogenetic studies conducted alongside clinical drug trials.

It requires a separate informed consent process to ensure clear understanding and voluntary participation. So a distinct consent form. must be signed by the patient or their legally authorized representative. So, these separate procedures respect participants and maintains ethical standards in genetic research.

Fifteen, studies on genetic causes of mental illness must be carefully designed with attention to the limits of genetic data interpretation. And genetic counseling should be provided to help participants understand the implications. So in addition, all individuals who could benefit from mental health research should be included as participants with research using alternatives to blinding like assessor blinding or geographical separation to ensure unbiased and reliable data. Sixteen.

community-based research. Ito dapat laging magbigay ng benefits sa buong community. For example, magkakaroon kayo ng community mental health promotion seminar or mga psychoeducation.

So sa gandong paraan, hindi lang nakikinabang yung mga participants kundi yung buong community na nagbibigay ng awareness and support sa mga mental health. So this approach, it ensures that research uplifts and empowers the community as a whole. Number 17. So community-based research na may kinalaman sa iligal na gawain ay dapat iwasan hanggat maari. Well, except kung yung layunin na pag-aaral ay malaki ang matutulong sa pagdutas ng problema.

Kung sapat naman ang benefits sa lipunan kumpara sa panganib, You need to have a proper consultation with the authorities. We have police officers and local government officers who can help you before you start collecting data. Para of course, maprotektahan natin yung mga researcher atsaka yung mga participants. So, this careful approach balances societal benefit with safety and legality. Nineteen, dapat pag-usapan ng maigi yung paggamit ng pseudonym o yung pagtanggal ng connections sa pagitan ng pangalan at data para maprotektahan natin yung participants na baka ma-expose.

sa mga iligal na gawain sa study mo. Well, yung arguments na to kasi, kailangan ng understanding sa mundo, dapat daw nakabatay siya sa empirical evidence, kung saan ang sense perception ng kundasyon ng kaalaman na nakakamit sa pamamagitan ng sistematikong pangangalap at pag-aayos ng datos tulad ng scientific trials. So this method, both... participant protection and the integrity of scientific research.

So let's take a five-minute break now. So pagkatapos dito, pag-uusapan natin yung ethical guidelines for vulnerable groups. So mahalaga to upang marutunan natin kung paano protektahan yung mga karapatan at kapakanan ng mga taong madalas na naapektuhan sa research. So don't forget, ang ating second attendance code ay Yeah.

Ethicalia Researcher Okay, so let's go back. So first, tungkol sa research involving children or minors. So dahil ngayong mga bata ay vulnerable, ang informed consent ay kailangan natin makuha from their parent or legal guardian. Habang susubukan din natin makuha yung assent o yung pahintulot sa bata mismo.

So kalimbawa, Sa isang psychological study tungkol sa learning behavior ng batang nasa elementary, importante na ipaliwanag yung proseso sa bata sa simple at malinaw na paraan. Pangalawa, sa research involving older persons, elderly, dapat isaalang-alang natin yung kanilang physical at cognitive na kalagayan. may mga pagkakataon na maaring magkaroon sila ng temporary or permanenting kakulangan sa pagdidecision.

Kaya nga yung kanina, yung sinabi natin na paggamit ng LAR o yung legally authorized representative ay kinakailangan. So, example here, kung meron kang study tungkol sa memory retenso ng mga senior citizen, kailangan maging sensitive tayo sa, or kailangan maging tama, maging sensitive yung mga researcher. sa mga kakayahan nila at yung mga kalagayan nila. So number three, para sa research involving people living with HIV. So dito napakahalaga ng confidentiality at ang pag-iwas sa stigma.

Sa garitong uri ng research, dapat iyakin natin yung mga researcher na ligtas ang information sa mga participants at hindi sila ma-discriminate. So kailangan wala tayong physical, social, or psychological risk. So kung mag-aaral ka ng coping mechanism ng PLHIV, dapat protectahan natin yung identity nila para hindi sila ma-isolate din.

Pang-apat, research involving people with disabilities. Nakangailangan ng special consideration, katulad ng paggamit ng accessible materials at communication. Kung may participants na may hearing impairment, pwedeng gumamit ng sign language interpreter para masigurado yung tamang pag-intindi ng research process. Isang halimbawa yung pag-aaral ng emotional health ng mga taong may physical disability kung saan mahalaga yung pag-adapt ng pamamaraan para maging inclusive yung study. Yung panghuli naman natin, Research involving indigenous people, mga IPs.

So mahalaga yung cultural sensitivity at yung pagkakaroon ng community consent. So, hindi lang ba sa informed consent kasi kailangan maunawaan ng buong community at ng hindi lang isang participants yung layunin ng iyong research. So, kung halimbawa kung nagahanap kayo ng mga psychological resilience sa isang indigenous community, dapat dumaan sa dialogue at pahintulot sa community leaders bago mag-umpisa ng pag-aaral.

So, in all of these, the primary principles are respect and dignity, justice and equality of participants while we follow the ethical guidelines that were issued by the National Ethical Guidelines for Health Research in 2022. So, in this way, we show the responsible person who has a problem with each participant. So now, let's talk about the key ethical principles in psychological research that is given by the American Psychological Association. So, these principles guide us to conduct research with respect. responsibility and care for our participants and the integrity of science.

So, unang principle, yung beneficence and non-maleficence na dapat nangangahulugang dapat nating hangarin na makapagbigay ng benefits sa mga participants at iwasan ng anumang harm or pinsala. So, kapag gagawa tayo ng research tungkol sa stress, Siguraduhin natin na hindi lalala yung stress ng mga participants dahil sa research. Second, the fidelity and responsibility. So it refers to maintaining trust and professionalism.

So dapat tayo daw maging responsible tayo hindi lang sa participants, kundi pati sa mga colleagues at sa buong society. So transparency. and honesty in passing results is super important.

And number three, integrity. This is about being fair and accurate. That's why you can't manipulate the data or falsify the result.

So, example, if you have data that doesn't support your hypothesis, hindi mo kailangang ipakita na Well, you need to show that the study has truly been a result. So, fourth, justice. It means fairness and equality.

We should not just choose the participants who are easy or convenient. Because all people should be given the right opportunity to join your research. Our last one is respect for people's rights and dignity. Ang ibig sabihin nito, dapat daw respetuhin natin yung privacy, autonomy, at dignity ng ating mga participants. So, kasama na dito yung pagkuhan ng informed consent bago simulan yung research at protectahan yung kanilang information.

To uphold these principles, kailangan natin sundin yung mga practical na guides tulad ng informed consent para maiwasan nila yung harm. confidentiality, anonymity, voluntary participation, and debriefing. So, the debriefing is done after the study. So, in this way, we become ethical researchers, we become responsible, and we give importance to the status of rights of each participant. The key ethical standards and practices in psychological research.

First, the informed consent. Here, it is important that the participant is fully informed in the nature of the study, as well as in the risks and benefits. Second, the voluntary participation and freedom from coercion. So, it means that there should be no pressure. or force sa participants para sumali or manatili sa study, hindi physical, financial, or academic.

Pangatlo, protection from harm. So remember, the role of a researcher is to protect participants from any physical or psychological harm. Fourth, anonymity and confidentiality. So these are the two ways.

If we say anonymity, you won't get any information. As in, there is no information that you can connect to the data that you have. Kapag naman confidentiality, you will get all the information pero you have the responsibility to keep it and protect it.

So yung panghuli naman, debriefing. So bali, pagkatapos ng study, kailangan mag-conduct ng debriefing ang researcher sa lahat ng kanyang participants. Kung meron nangyaring deception, kailangan sabihin mo yun sa participants. At kung meron naman nangyari na emotional state, or rather negative emotional state, you need to return it by of course providing them the breathing session. So in following these ethical standards, we need to protect the participants that will maintain integrity in research.

So as psychology students, future psychology researchers Kailangan na... We can apply all of these ethical guidelines for the safety, rights, and dignity of the participants in our research. Okay, so this concludes part 1 of our discussion on EthicFin Research. So please watch the next video in Informed Consent Form. The third attendance code is Research Ethics.

So make sure to enter it in our Google Form.

Transcript for:Research Ethics Overview

Transcript for:
Research Ethics Overview