General Organic Chemistry (GOC)

Introduction

• This lecture will discuss GOC (General Organic Chemistry).
• GOC is important for enhancing your understanding of reactions.
• We will talk about the play of electron density.

Key Topics

1. Electron Density and Electronegativity

   • Electron Density means the higher the negative charge, the smaller the size.
   • Electronegativity: The tendency to attract electrons.

2. Electronic Displacement Effect

   • Permanent Effect: Always present (Inductive Effect)
   • Temporary Effect: Occurs during reactions (Electromeric Effect)
   • Inductive effect operates in sigma bonds and depends on distance.

3. Electromeric Effect

   • Electromeric Effect is considered to dominate over the Inductive Effect.
   • Two types: +E and -E.

4. Inductive Effect

   • Alkyl groups donate electrons, -I effect pulls electrons.
   • To understand the +I effect, compare charge and size.

5. Acidic and Basic Strength

   • Acidic strength increases with -I effect and decreases with +I.
   • Basic strength increases with +I effect and decreases with -I.

6. Hyper Conjugation

   • Delocalization of sigma bonds with pi orbitals.
   • Common in alkenes and benzene.

7. Resonance and Mesomeric Effect

   • In resonance, pi electrons delocalize.
   • Mesomeric Effect causes resonance due to the group.

Types of Reactions

1. Addition Reaction

   • Electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical addition.

2. Substitution Reaction

   • Electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution, free radical substitution.

3. Elimination Reaction

   • Removal of elements, such as forming alkenes with alcoholic KOH.

Special Notes

• Acidic strength is higher in carboxylic acids and lower in alcohols.
• Basic strength depends on inductive and mesomeric effects.
• Aromaticity increases stability.
• Consider back bonding for stability.

Conclusion

• Proper study of GOC provides a deep understanding of reactions.
• Understanding effects and their applications is necessary.
• Regular practice and revision will increase confidence.

This lecture was quite important, as it clarifies various aspects of GOC and provides a deep understanding of reactions.